Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-tis
 |
This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Suffix
[edit]*(é)-tis f
- Derives abstract/action nouns from verb roots.
Reconstruction notes
[edit]Whether this suffix had a proterokinetic inflection has been contested.[1] Descendants predominantly have a zero-grade root; those with full-grade root (often with final laryngeal) show a distribution similar to verbal adjectives in *-tós.[2] The varying accentuation of Vedic abstract nouns on -ति (-ti) can be explained as a chronological evolution within Sanskrit, with the original accent mostly on the suffix.[3] To account for the ablaut in the suffix (*-ti- vs. *-tey-), an explanation based on syllable structure has been proposed:[4] when the following ending (originally) started with a consonant, the suffix has zero grade in Indo-Iranian, otherwise full grade.[5] The genitive singular is then explained by the ending *-s coming from earlier *-es/*-os.
Inflection
[edit]Proterokinetic pattern:[6]
| Athematic, proterokinetic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | |||
| nominative | *(é)-tis | ||
| genitive | *(Ø)-téys | ||
| singular | dual | plural | |
| nominative | *(é)-tis | *(é)-tih₁(e) | *(é)-teyes |
| vocative | *(é)-ti | *(é)-tih₁(e) | *(é)-teyes |
| accusative | *(é)-tim | *(é)-tih₁(e) | *(é)-tims |
| genitive | *(Ø)-téys | *? | *(Ø)-téyoHom |
| ablative | *(Ø)-téys | *? | *(Ø)-tímos |
| dative | *(Ø)-téyey | *? | *(Ø)-tímos |
| locative | *(Ø)-téy, *(Ø)-tḗy | *? | *(Ø)-tísu |
| instrumental | *(Ø)-tíh₁ | *? | *(Ø)-tímis |
Hysterokinetic pattern, possibly preceded by the proterokinetic pattern:[1]
| Athematic, hysterokinetic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | |||
| nominative | *(Ø)-tís | ||
| genitive | *(Ø)-téys | ||
| singular | dual | plural | |
| nominative | *(Ø)-tís | *(Ø)-tíh₁(e) | *(Ø)-téyes |
| vocative | *(Ø)-tí | *(Ø)-tíh₁(e) | *(Ø)-téyes |
| accusative | *(Ø)-tím | *(Ø)-tíh₁(e) | *(Ø)-tíms |
| genitive | *(Ø)-téys | *? | *(Ø)-téyoHom |
| ablative | *(Ø)-téys | *? | *(Ø)-téymos |
| dative | *(Ø)-téyey | *? | *(Ø)-téymos |
| locative | *(Ø)-téy, *(Ø)-tḗy | *? | *(Ø)-téysu |
| instrumental | *(Ø)-téyh₁ | *? | *(Ø)-téymis |
Derived terms
[edit]- *-ti-Hō
Descendants
[edit]- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-tis
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-tei (< locative -téy)
- Proto-Celtic: *-tis
- Proto-Germanic: *-þiz (also the variant forms *-diz, *-tiz, *-siz) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *-tis
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-tiš
- Proto-Italic: *-tis
- Latin: -tim
References
[edit]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lundquist, Jesse, Yates, Anthony D. (2017–2018) “Chapter XX: Proto-Indo-European”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The morphology of Proto-Indo-European, page 2127: “the action/process-noun forming suffix *-ti/tey- regularly attracts the surface accent when suffixed to these roots, i.e. PIE *mn̥-tí- ‘thinking; thought’, *bʰr̥-tí- ‘bearing’”
- ^ Vine, Brent. 2004. "On PIE full grades in some zero-grade contexts: *-tí-, *-tó-" in Indo-European Word Formation, Proceedings of the Conference held at the University of Copenhagen, October 20th – 22nd 2000, pages 357–379
- ^ Lundquist, J. (2015), "On the accentuation of Vedic-ti-abstracts: Evidence for accentual change" in: Indo-European Linguistics, 3(1), pages 42-72.
- ^ Kiparsky, P. (2010), Compositional vs. paradigmatic approaches to accent and ablaut, pages 15-17
- ^ Kümmel, M. (2014). "Zum “proterokinetischen” Ablaut" in: Das Nomen im Indogogermanischen: Morphologie, Substantiv, versus Adjektiv, Kollektivum, pages 167-169: "Iir. i/u-Stämme, urspr. Endungsanlaut mit Konsonant korreliert mit S(z)"
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 48