Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kakka-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Probably a Lallwort of imitative/expressive origin. Calvert Watkins claimed in particular: "imitative of glottal closure during defecation".

Root

*kakka-

1. to defecate

Derived terms

Category Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *kakka- not found

• *kak(k)-eh₂-yé-ti
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kākā́ˀtei
    • East Baltic:
      • Latvian: kākāt, kakāt
      • Lithuanian: kakóti
    • Proto-Slavic: *kàkati (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic: *kakkajō
    • Ancient Greek: κᾰκκᾰ́ω (kakkáō) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Italic: *kakāō
    • Latin: cacō; cacāre (see there for further descendants)
• Unsorted formations:
  • Albanian:
    • Albanian: kakë
  • Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: քակոր (kʻakor)
      • Middle Armenian: քաք (kʻakʻ)
        • Armenian: քաք (kʻakʻ)
        • Armenian: քակոր (kʻakor)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kākā
    • Latvian: kaka
    • Lithuanian: kaka
    • Proto-Slavic: *kàka (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Celtic: *kakkā
    • Old Irish: cacc
      • Irish: cac
      • Scottish Gaelic: cac
    • Proto-Brythonic: *kax
      • Middle Breton: cauch
        • Breton: cac'h
      • Cornish: caugh
      • Welsh: cach
  • Proto-Hellenic: *kakkā
    • Ancient Greek: κάκκη (kákkē)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
    • Proto-Iranian: *kakka
      • Pashto: ککه (kaká)
      • Old Mazanderani: ککا (kakā, “sheep's excrement”)
      • Classical Persian: ککه (kaka), ککی (kakê)

        Iranian Persian: ککه (kake) (in Isfahani dialect ککه (keke))

        • → Arabic: ككة (kakka, “poo”) (in Hijazi dialect)

Synonyms

• *gʷewh₁- (c.f. Proto-Slavic *govьno, Sanskrit गूथ (gūtha))

Further reading

• Pokorny, Julius (1959) “*kakka-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 521
• Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*kak(k)ehₐi̯e/o-”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 187: “defecate”