Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/kaʔs-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Noun

*kaʔs- m or f

1. beaker, goblet, cup, stoop

Inflection

Masculine:

Declension of *kaʔs-

Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*kaʔsum	*kaʔsāna	plural stem + *-ūna
Genitive	*kaʔsim	*kaʔsayna	plural stem + *-īna
Accusative	*kaʔsam
possessive forms
1st person	*kaʔsī / *kaʔsVya	—	*kaʔsVni
2nd person m	*kaʔsVka	*kaʔsVkumā / *kaʔsVkumay	*kaʔsVkum(ū)
2nd person f	*kaʔsVki		*kaʔsVkin(ā)
3rd person m	*kaʔsVšu	*kaʔsVšumā / *kaʔsVšumay	*kaʔsVšum(ū)
3rd person f	*kaʔsVša		*kaʔsVšin(ā)
Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible. Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *kaʔsuya for nom. case, *kaʔsiya for gen. case, *kaʔsaya for acc. case, etc. Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *kaʔs- Singular Dual Plural Nominative *kaʔsuka *kaʔsāka plural stem + *-ūka Genitive *kaʔsika *kaʔsayka plural stem + *-īka Accusative *kaʔsaka Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *kaʔs- Singular Dual Plural Nominative *kaʔsuki *kaʔsāki plural stem + *-ūki Genitive *kaʔsiki *kaʔsayki plural stem + *-īki Accusative *kaʔsaki

Femenine:

Declension of *kaʔs-

Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*kaʔsum	*kaʔsāna	*kaʔsātum
Genitive	*kaʔsim	*kaʔsayna	*kaʔsātim
Accusative	*kaʔsam
possessive forms
1st person	*kaʔsī / *kaʔsVya	—	*kaʔsVni
2nd person m	*kaʔsVka	*kaʔsVkumā / *kaʔsVkumay	*kaʔsVkum(ū)
2nd person f	*kaʔsVki		*kaʔsVkin(ā)
3rd person m	*kaʔsVšu	*kaʔsVšumā / *kaʔsVšumay	*kaʔsVšum(ū)
3rd person f	*kaʔsVša		*kaʔsVšin(ā)
Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible. Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *kaʔsuya for nom. case, *kaʔsiya for gen. case, *kaʔsaya for acc. case, etc. Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *kaʔs- Singular Dual Plural Nominative *kaʔsuka *kaʔsāka *kaʔsātuka Genitive *kaʔsika *kaʔsayka *kaʔsātika Accusative *kaʔsaka Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *kaʔs- Singular Dual Plural Nominative *kaʔsuki *kaʔsāki *kaʔsātuki Genitive *kaʔsiki *kaʔsayki *kaʔsātiki Accusative *kaʔsaki

Descendants

• East Semitic:
  • Akkadian: 𒃲 (kāsum)
  • Eblaite: 𒄀𒋗 (gi-šu)
  • → Hittite: 𒂵𒀀𒍣 (ga-a-zi /⁠kazzi⁠/)
  • → Hurrian: 𒅗𒍪 (ka-su₂ /⁠kazi-⁠/)
• West Semitic:
  • Central Semitic:
    • Arabic: كَأْس (kaʔs)
    • Northwest Semitic:
      • Aramaic: כָּסָא (kāsā)

        Imperial Aramaic: 𐡊𐡎𐡀 (ksʾ)

        Aramaic: 𐣪𐣮𐣠

        • Classical Syriac: ܟܴ݁ܣܳܐ (kāsā)
      • Canaanite:
        • Hebrew: כּוֹס (kos, kôs)
        • Phoenician: 𐤊𐤎 (ks /⁠kūs⁠/)
      • Ugaritic: 𐎋𐎒 (ks /⁠kāsu⁠/)
      • → Egyptian: [script needed] (ku-ṯi₂)