User:Xenos melophilos/Khalaj phonology (old)

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Phonology[edit]

Consonants[edit]

IPA Consonant chart
Labial Dental Alveolar Post-alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m n ŋ
Stop/Affricate voiceless p t t͡ʃ c k q
voiced b ð d d͡ʒ ɟ ɡ ɢ
Fricative voiceless f s ʃ ç ʁ χ h
voiced v z ʒ ʝ ɣ
Approximant l j w
Rhotic ɾ
  • /ç/ and /ʝ/ are phonetically retracted ([ç̠] and [ʝ̠]). These sounds are also represented as [xʲ] and [ɣʲ] or [x̟] and [ɣ̟]
  • /l/ /l/ CANNOT be velarized
  • /n/, /t/ and /d/ are phonetically dental ([n̪], [t̪] and [d̪])
  • /ɡ/ and /j/ can merge
  • /h/ can be dropped

Alophones[edit]

  • /q-/ → [ɢ-]
  • /-q-/ → [-qχ-] → [-χ-] → [-ʁ-], or → [-ɣ-]
  • /-ɡ-/ and /-j-/ → [-ʝ̠-]
  • /-ɣ-/ → [-w-] → [-v-]
  • /-d-/ → [-ð-] → [-z-]
  • /-ntʃ-/ → [-ndʒ-]
  • /-v-/ → [-w-]
  • [-ɾ-] → [-∅-]
  • /-k/ → [-kʰ], or → [-c]
  • /-q/ → [-qʰ] → [-χ]
  • /-ɡ/ → [-ʝ̠-] → [-j-]
  • /-d/ → [-ð]
  • /-z/ → [-s]

Vowels[edit]

IPA vowel phonemes chart
Front Central Back
unrounded rounded unrounded rounded
Close i y ɨ u
Near-open ɪ ʏ ɪ̈ ʊ
Close-mid e ø ə o
Mid e̞ ø̞ ə o̞
Open-mid ɛ œ ɐ ɔ
Near-open æ ɐ
Open a ɑ ɒ[1]
  • The close-mid, mid, and open-mid vowels' diaphonemes are /e/, /ø/ /o/
  • /ʊ/ can be phonetically more back [o̝]
  • /i/, /ɨ/, /y/ and /u/ can be phonetically more or less rounded/spread, something like [i̹], [ɨ̹], [y̜] and [u̜]
  • /æ/ can be phonetically more open [æ̞]
  • Many vowels can be nasalized after /n/, and in turn the nasalization can be dropped and remplaced by length


Historically (Urchaladsch in Doerfer), falling diphthongs come from close-mid vowels, and the vowel [ä].

IPA most common falling diphthongs chart
Front Central Back
unrounded rounded
Close ie̯ yø̯ uo̯
Mid
Open äːä̯
  • Some Khalaj dialects seem to preserve Proto-Turkic long vowels, while in others they're either re-emplaced with long diphtgongs, or they become a bit lower

Also, there are uncommon rising diphthongs

The former phonemes can have length and half-length. The last seem to blend in with themselves (thus, they aren't differentiated)

Alophones[edit]

  • /ä/ → [a] → [æ] → [e], or → [ɑ]
  • /äː(ä̯)/ → *[ɑː] → [ɒ(ː)] → [oː], or → [æː]
  • /ɨ/ → *[ɪ̈] → [ɘ] → [ə] → [ä]
  • /o/ → [o̝] → [u]
  • /æ/ → [a]
  • /ø/ → [e]
  • /ø(ː)/ → [ø(ː)ø̯] → [y(ː)ø̯], or → [e(ː)] → [e(ː)e̯] → [i(ː)e̯]
  • /e(ː)/ → [e(ː)e̯] → [i(ː)e̯]
  • /iɡ/ → *[ij] → [iː]
  • /ij/ → [iː]

Three main dialects[edit]

There are, among many others, three main dialects: Talxâbi (north), Mansûrâbâdi (south), and Xaltâbâdi (north). There's also Xarrâbî (central), but this section won't speak about it

Consonants[edit]

  • /q/, and /ɣ/ are just back-vowel allophones of /k/ and /ɡ/ respectively. So, unlike Azerbaijani, there's not phonological difference between them, nor they are synarmonic with the vowels. But, like most Turkic languages, /k/ and /ɡ/ tend to be pronounced in vicinity of front vowels, as /q/, and /ɣ/ are so with back ones
    • The phonemes /q/ and /k/ can merge into a post-velar consonant [k̠]. So, unlike Azerbaijani, there's not difference between the phonemes, nor they are synarmonic with the vowels.
    • The phoneme /k/ can be [c] before close back vowels and seldom at the end after a back vowel
    • The initial and final /q/ can be [ɢ]. The medial /q/ can become aspirated [qʰ], in turn an affricate [qχ], and then a uvular [χ]
    • /ɡ/ can be [ɟ], in turn a fricative [ʝ], and sometimes can merge and alternate with [j], which also can be [ʝ]
  • The final /ɣ/, /ɡ/, /z/ and consonant-cluster /t/ can be voiceless phonemes [ɣ̊], [ɡ̊], [z̥], and [d̪̥]
  • In final position, /ɡ/ can be elided after /ŋ/, in turn /ŋ/ can be [n]
  • /dʒ/ and /ʒ/ are only seen in loanwords.
  • /t/, and /k/ can be aspirated [t̪ʰ], and [kʰ]
Diaphonemes[edit]
  • /q/: [q], [ɢ], [-qʰ-], [-qχ-], [-χ-], and [-ɣ-]
  • /ɣ/: [ɣ], and [-ɣ̊]
  • /k/: [k], [kʰ], and [c]
  • /ɡ/: [ɡ], [-ɡ̊], [ɟ], [ʝ], and [j]
  • /j/: [j], and [ʝ]
  • /t/: [t̪], [t̪ʰ], and [d̪̥]
  • /z/: [z], and [-z̥]
  • /ŋ/: [-ŋɡ], [-ŋ], and [n̪]

Vowels[edit]

  • Rising diphthongs are less common than falling ones
    • An "alternative" of some long falling diphthongs are [u], [o̝] and [ø̝], from [uː], [oː] and [øː]
  • [ɨ] can be an allophone of /i/ after /q/ and /ɣ/. The same sound can be alophone of /u/
Diaphonemes[edit]
  • /a/: [a], [æ̞], [æ̞͗], [ä], [ə], and [ɑ]; the last one can be a bit delabialized [ɑ̜]
  • /o/: [o], [o̞], and [o̝]
  • /u/: [u], [ʊ], [ɨ]
  • /æ/: [æ], [æ̞], [æ̞͗], [æ̠], and [ɛ]
  • /ø/: [ø], [ø̞], [ø̜], and [ø̝]
  • /y/: [y], [i̹], and [ʏ]
  • /i/: [i], [i̞], [ɪ], [ɪ̞], and [ɨ]

Diphthongs[edit]

It can be said there are 2 types of diphthongs: pitch diphthongs and normal diphthongs

  • Pitch diphthongs are composed by two vowels: a long vowel plus a reduced one with falling(-rising) tone
  • Normal diphthongs are just a vowel plus a reduced one. But the first vowel is always stressed.

Vowel length[edit]

There are two main types of length: half length and length proper. Many vowels can have length and/or half-length. But there are two exceptions (among others):

  • If a vowel is short, then it can be extra short
  • If a vowel is long or if a diphthong is short, then it can be a half-long vowel, and in turn it can be a short vowel.

Dialectal differences[edit]

  • In Mansûrâbâdi /ɡ/ and /j/ are dropped intervocalically and at the end of a word
  • The rounded /y/ and /ø/ are preserved in Talxâbi and Xaltâbâdi, but in Mansûrâbâdi they become unrounded ([i] and [i̹])
  • In Talxâbi, /i/ and /ɨ/ become [y] and [u]. The same vowels become [i] in Mansûrâbâdi
  • In Xaltâbâdi and Talxâbi the final /e/ becomes [i̹]
  • In Talxâbi /ɡ/ becomes [j] in the middle and final positions
  • In Xaltâbâdi the vowels /ɨ/ and /u/ may alternate.[2]

Talxâbî, Mansûrâbâdî and Xaltâbâdî dialects[edit]

Consonants[edit]

IPA Consonant chart
Labial Dental Post-alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m n
Stop/Affricate voiceless p t t͡ʃ k q
voiced b d d͡ʒ ɡ ɢ
Fricative voiceless f s ʃ x h
voiced v z ʒ ʝ ɣ ʁ
Approximant l j w
Rhotic ɾ
  • There are also the lenis [b̥], [d̥], [ɢ̥], [ʁ̥], [z̥], and the fricative [β]
  • /n/ becomes [ŋ] before velars
  • /k/ may be palatalized before /i/
  • /ɡ/ may be palatalized.
  • /ɡ/ may become [ʀ].
  • /ɡ/ can merge or alternate with /j/, via [ɡʲ] and/or [ʝ]
  • /q/ may be lenis [ɢ̥] (at the beginning), affricate [q͡χ], aspirated [qʰ], or uvular [χ] (at the end)
  • /z/ may be lenis [z̥] at the end.

Vowels[edit]

IPA vowel chart
Front Central Back
unrounded rounded unrounded rounded unrounded rounded
Close i y ɨ u
Near-close ɪ ʏ ɪ̈ ʊ
Close-mid e ø o
Mid e̞ ø̞ o̞
Open-mid œ ɔ
Near-open æ
Open ä ɒ̈ ɑ ɒ
  • There are also [i̞], [ɪ̞] and [æ̞]
  • [o] is an allophone of /oː/
  • Sometimes [u] is an allophone of /uː/

Xarrâbî dialect[edit]

Consonants[edit]

IPA Consonant chart
Labial Dental Post-alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m n ŋ
Stop/Affricate voiceless p t t͡ʃ k q
voiced b d d͡ʒ ɡ ɢ
Fricative voiceless f s ʃ x h
voiced v z ʒ ɣ
Approximant l j w
Rhotic ɾ
  • There are also the lenis [d̥], [ɢ̥], and the fricative [β]
  • /k/ may be voiced after a voiceless consonant
  • /q/ may be voiced [ɢ] or lenis [ɢ̥]
  • /q/ may merge with /k/ at the end

Vowels[edit]

IPA vowel chart
Front Central Back
unrounded rounded unrounded rounded
Close i y ɨ u
Near-open ɪ ʏ ɪ̈ ʊ
Close-mid e ø o
Mid e̞ o̞
Open-mid ɛ œ ɔ
Near-open æ
Open ä ɑ ɒ
  • There are also [ɪ̞], [ʏ̞], [ʊ̞] and [æ̞]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Evidentials: Turkic, Iranian and Neighbouring Languages pag. 90
  2. ^ Sonel Bosnalı (2016) “The Khalaj People and Their language”, in Tehlikedeki Türk Dilleri (Endangered Turkic Languages)‎[1], volume II A, page 281
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