일흔

Jeju

Etymology

Cognate with Korean 일흔 (ilheun).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /iɾhɨn/

Numeral

일흔 (irheun)

1. seventy

Synonyms

• 칠십 (chilsip) (Sino-Korean)

Korean

Korean numbers ^(edit)

←  60	70	80  →
	7
Native isol.: 일흔 (ilheun)     Native attr.: 일흔 (ilheun)     Sino-Korean: 칠십 (chilsip)     Hanja: 七十

Etymology

First attested in the Yongbi eocheon'ga (龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가), 1447, as Middle Korean 닐흔〮 (Yale: nìlhún).

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [iɾɣɯn]
• Phonetic hangul: [일흔]

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?	ilheun
Revised Romanization (translit.)?	ilheun
McCune–Reischauer?	irhŭn
Yale Romanization?	il.hun

Numeral

일흔 • (ilheun)

1. (native numeral, possibly dated) seventy

   Synonym: 칠십(七十) (chilsip, “seventy”, Sino-Korean numeral)

Usage notes

In modern Korean, numbers are usually written in Arabic numerals.

The Korean language has two sets of numerals: a native set of numerals inherited from Old Korean, and a Sino-Korean set which was borrowed from Middle Chinese in the first millennium C.E.

Native classifiers take native numerals.

• 개 한 마리 (gae han mari, “one dog”, native numeral)
• 나무 두 그루 (namu du geuru, “two trees”, native numeral)

Some Sino-Korean classifiers take native numerals, others take Sino-Korean numerals, while yet others take both.

• 종이 두 장(張) (jong'i du jang, “two sheets of paper”, native numeral)
• 이 분(分) (i bun, “two minutes”, Sino-Korean numeral)
• 서른/삼십 명(名) (seoreun/samsip myeong, “thirty people”, both sets possible)

Recently loaned classifiers generally take Sino-Korean numerals.

• 일 킬로미터 (il killomiteo, “one kilometer”, Sino-Korean numeral)

For many terms, a native numeral has a quantifying sense, whereas a Sino-Korean numeral has a sense of labeling.

• 세 반(班) (se ban, “three school classes”, native numeral)
• 삼 반(班) (sam ban, “Class Number Three”, Sino-Korean numeral)

When used in isolation, native numerals refer to objects of that number and are used in counting and quantifying, whereas Sino-Korean numerals refer to the numbers in a more mathematical sense.

• 하나만 더 주세요 (hana-man deo juse-yo, “Could you give me just one more, please”, native numeral)
• 일 더하기 일은? (il deohagi ir-eun?, “What's one plus one?”, Sino-Korean numeral)

While older stages of Korean had native numerals up to the thousands, native numerals currently exist only up to ninety-nine, and Sino-Korean is used for all higher numbers. There is also a tendency—particularly among younger speakers—to uniformly use Sino-Korean numerals for the higher tens as well, so that native numerals such as 일흔 (ilheun, “seventy”) or 아흔 (aheun, “ninety”) are becoming less common.