خندق
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Arabic[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
An Iranian borrowing: compare Persian کندک (kandak), کنده (kanda), Old Armenian քանդակ (kʻandak) (also from Iranian).
Pronunciation[edit]
Verb[edit]
خَنْدَقَ • (ḵandaqa) Iq, non-past يُخَنْدِقُ (yuḵandiqu)
Conjugation[edit]
Conjugation of
خَنْدَقَ
(form-Iq sound)verbal noun الْمَصْدَر |
ḵandaqa | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل |
muḵandiq | |||||||||||
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول |
muḵandaq | |||||||||||
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | ḵandaqtu |
ḵandaqta |
خَنْدَقَ ḵandaqa |
ḵandaqtumā |
ḵandaqā |
ḵandaqnā |
ḵandaqtum |
ḵandaqū | |||
f | ḵandaqti |
ḵandaqat |
ḵandaqatā |
ḵandaqtunna |
ḵandaqna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | ʔuḵandiqu |
tuḵandiqu |
yuḵandiqu |
tuḵandiqāni |
yuḵandiqāni |
nuḵandiqu |
tuḵandiqūna |
yuḵandiqūna | |||
f | tuḵandiqīna |
tuḵandiqu |
tuḵandiqāni |
tuḵandiqna |
yuḵandiqna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʔuḵandiqa |
tuḵandiqa |
yuḵandiqa |
tuḵandiqā |
yuḵandiqā |
nuḵandiqa |
tuḵandiqū |
yuḵandiqū | |||
f | tuḵandiqī |
tuḵandiqa |
tuḵandiqā |
tuḵandiqna |
yuḵandiqna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʔuḵandiq |
tuḵandiq |
yuḵandiq |
tuḵandiqā |
yuḵandiqā |
nuḵandiq |
tuḵandiqū |
yuḵandiqū | |||
f | tuḵandiqī |
tuḵandiq |
tuḵandiqā |
tuḵandiqna |
yuḵandiqna | |||||||
imperative الْأَمْر |
m | خَنْدِقْ ḵandiq |
ḵandiqā |
ḵandiqū |
||||||||
f | ḵandiqī |
ḵandiqna | ||||||||||
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | ḵundiqtu |
ḵundiqta |
خُنْدِقَ ḵundiqa |
ḵundiqtumā |
ḵundiqā |
ḵundiqnā |
ḵundiqtum |
ḵundiqū | |||
f | ḵundiqti |
ḵundiqat |
ḵundiqatā |
ḵundiqtunna |
ḵundiqna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | ʔuḵandaqu |
tuḵandaqu |
yuḵandaqu |
tuḵandaqāni |
yuḵandaqāni |
nuḵandaqu |
tuḵandaqūna |
yuḵandaqūna | |||
f | tuḵandaqīna |
tuḵandaqu |
tuḵandaqāni |
tuḵandaqna |
yuḵandaqna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʔuḵandaqa |
tuḵandaqa |
yuḵandaqa |
tuḵandaqā |
yuḵandaqā |
nuḵandaqa |
tuḵandaqū |
yuḵandaqū | |||
f | tuḵandaqī |
tuḵandaqa |
tuḵandaqā |
tuḵandaqna |
yuḵandaqna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʔuḵandaq |
tuḵandaq |
yuḵandaq |
tuḵandaqā |
yuḵandaqā |
nuḵandaq |
tuḵandaqū |
yuḵandaqū | |||
f | tuḵandaqī |
tuḵandaq |
tuḵandaqā |
tuḵandaqna |
yuḵandaqna |
Etymology 2[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
خَنْدَق • (ḵandaq) m (plural خَنَادِق (ḵanādiq))
Declension[edit]
Declension of noun خَنْدَق (ḵandaq)
Singular | basic singular triptote | ||
---|---|---|---|
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | خَنْدَق ḵandaq |
الْخَنْدَق al-ḵandaq |
خَنْدَق ḵandaq |
Nominative | خَنْدَقٌ ḵandaqun |
الْخَنْدَقُ al-ḵandaqu |
خَنْدَقُ ḵandaqu |
Accusative | خَنْدَقًا ḵandaqan |
الْخَنْدَقَ al-ḵandaqa |
خَنْدَقَ ḵandaqa |
Genitive | خَنْدَقٍ ḵandaqin |
الْخَنْدَقِ al-ḵandaqi |
خَنْدَقِ ḵandaqi |
Dual | Indefinite | Definite | Construct |
Informal | خَنْدَقَيْن ḵandaqayn |
الْخَنْدَقَيْن al-ḵandaqayn |
خَنْدَقَيْ ḵandaqay |
Nominative | خَنْدَقَانِ ḵandaqāni |
الْخَنْدَقَانِ al-ḵandaqāni |
خَنْدَقَا ḵandaqā |
Accusative | خَنْدَقَيْنِ ḵandaqayni |
الْخَنْدَقَيْنِ al-ḵandaqayni |
خَنْدَقَيْ ḵandaqay |
Genitive | خَنْدَقَيْنِ ḵandaqayni |
الْخَنْدَقَيْنِ al-ḵandaqayni |
خَنْدَقَيْ ḵandaqay |
Plural | basic broken plural diptote | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | خَنَادِق ḵanādiq |
الْخَنَادِق al-ḵanādiq |
خَنَادِق ḵanādiq |
Nominative | خَنَادِقُ ḵanādiqu |
الْخَنَادِقُ al-ḵanādiqu |
خَنَادِقُ ḵanādiqu |
Accusative | خَنَادِقَ ḵanādiqa |
الْخَنَادِقَ al-ḵanādiqa |
خَنَادِقَ ḵanādiqa |
Genitive | خَنَادِقَ ḵanādiqa |
الْخَنَادِقِ al-ḵanādiqi |
خَنَادِقِ ḵanādiqi |
Descendants[edit]
- → Old Armenian: խանդակ (xandak)
- → Middle Armenian: խանտակ (xantak)
- → Byzantine Greek: Χάνδαξ (Khándax), Χάνδακας (Khándakas)
- → Northern Kurdish: xendek, xendeq
- → Persian: خندق (xandaq), کنده (kanda), کندک (kandak), خندک (xandak)
- → Swahili: handaki
- → Tajik: хандақ (xandaq)
- → Uzbek: xandaq
- → Uyghur: خەندەك (xendek)
Further reading[edit]
- Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1973) “խանդակ”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume II, Yerevan: University Press, page 330b
Ottoman Turkish[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Borrowed from Persian خندق (xandaq), itself from Arabic خَنْدَق (ḵandaq, “trench, moat”).
Noun[edit]
خندق • (hendek) (plural خنادق (henadik))
- (military) trench, a narrow excavation as used in warfare
- moat, a deep and defensive ditch normally filled with water
- (in general) ditch, trench, gutter, any long, shallow indentation
- Synonym: آرق (ark) (irrigation ditch)
Derived terms[edit]
- برج خندغی (burc hendeği, “fosse, moat”)
- صو خندغی (su hendeği, “moat”)
- قورو خندغی (kuru hendeği, “dried ditch”)
Descendants[edit]
- Turkish: hendek
- → Albanian: hendek
- → Aromanian: hãndac, hãnacup, hãndachi, hindechi, endec, endecu
- → Middle Armenian: խէնտէկ (xēntēk), խէնդէկ (xēndēk)
- → Serbo-Croatian: јѐндек / jendek
Further reading[edit]
- Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “hendek”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 1932
- Hindoglu, Artin (1838) “خندق”, in Hazine-i lûgat ou dictionnaire abrégé turc-français[1], Vienna: F. Beck, page 212b
- Kélékian, Diran (1911) “خندق”, in Dictionnaire turc-français[2], Constantinople: Mihran, page 552
- Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Fossa”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum[3], Vienna, column 608
- Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “خندق”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum[4], Vienna, column 1951
- Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “hendek”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
- Redhouse, James W. (1890) “خندق”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon[5], Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 866
Persian[edit]
Alternative forms[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Arabic خَنْدَق (ḵandaq), from Middle Persian *handag (whence Persian هندک (handak, “moat”)).
Pronunciation[edit]
- (Classical Persian) IPA(key): [xan.daq]
- (Iran, formal) IPA(key): [xæn̪.d̪æɢ̥]
- (Tajik, formal) IPA(key): [χän̪.d̪äq]
Readings | |
---|---|
Classical reading? | xandaq |
Dari reading? | xandaq |
Iranian reading? | xandağ |
Tajik reading? | xandaq |
Noun[edit]
خندق • (xandaq) (plural خندقها (xandaq-hâ))
Descendants[edit]
Categories:
- Arabic terms borrowed from Iranian languages
- Arabic terms derived from Iranian languages
- Arabic 3-syllable words
- Arabic terms with IPA pronunciation
- Arabic lemmas
- Arabic verbs
- Arabic form-Iq verbs
- Arabic sound verbs by conjugation
- Arabic verbs with quadriliteral roots
- Arabic sound form-Iq verbs
- Arabic sound verbs
- Arabic verbs with full passive
- Arabic transitive verbs
- Arabic 2-syllable words
- Hijazi Arabic terms with IPA pronunciation
- Arabic nouns
- Arabic masculine nouns
- Arabic nouns with basic triptote singular
- Arabic nouns with broken plural
- Arabic nouns with basic diptote broken plural
- ar:Military
- Ottoman Turkish terms borrowed from Persian
- Ottoman Turkish terms derived from Persian
- Ottoman Turkish terms derived from Arabic
- Ottoman Turkish lemmas
- Ottoman Turkish nouns
- ota:Military
- Persian terms borrowed from Arabic
- Persian terms derived from Arabic
- Persian terms derived from Middle Persian
- Persian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Persian lemmas
- Persian nouns
- fa:Military