敦煌

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Chinese

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phonetic
trad. (敦煌)
simp. #(敦煌)
alternative forms 燉煌
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Etymology

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Likely from a historical Iranian language, with first known records in Chinese in the 2nd century BCE; likely cognate to the later Sogdian 𐼌𐼘𐼇𐼀𐼀𐼏 (δrwʾʾn /⁠*θurwān, θruwān⁠/) – name of Dunhuang known to the Sogdians – attested in the "Sogdian Ancient Letters" [early 4th century] (Gharib, 1995); possibly related to the Θροάνα (Throána) in Greek (Ptolemy, Geographia, Book VI, chap. 16) and Bactrian sources (Pulleyblank, 1962, 1966; Baxter and Sagart, 2014).

Pronunciation

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Rime
Character
Reading # 2/4 1/1
Initial () (5) (33)
Final () (55) (102)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Closed Closed
Division () I I
Fanqie
Baxter twon hwang
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/tuən/ /ɦwɑŋ/
Pan
Wuyun
/tuon/ /ɦʷɑŋ/
Shao
Rongfen
/tuən/ /ɣuɑŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/twən/ /ɦwaŋ/
Li
Rong
/tuən/ /ɣuɑŋ/
Wang
Li
/tuən/ /ɣuɑŋ/
Bernard
Karlgren
/tuən/ /ɣwɑŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
dūn huáng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
deon1 wong4
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 3/3 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
dūn huáng
Middle
Chinese
‹ twon › ‹ hwang ›
Old
Chinese
/*tˁur/ /*[ɢ]ʷˁaŋ/
English 敦煌 ~ 燉煌 Dūnhuáng 敦煌 Dūnhuáng

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 2/4 1/1
No. 2594 12700
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
3 0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*doːn/ /*ɡʷaːŋ/

Proper noun

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敦煌

  1. () Dunhuang (a county-level city in Jiuquan, Gansu, China)
  2. (historical) () Dunhuang (an ancient commandery in modern Gansu, China)
  3. () (historical) Dunhuang (a county of Jiuquan, Gansu, China)

Synonyms

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Derived terms

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Descendants

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  • English: Dunhuang, Tun-huang, Tunhuang, Tunhwang