混凝土

Chinese

		to mix; to get along; thoughtless to mix; to get along; thoughtless; confused; dirty; mix	congeal; concentrate attention	earth; dust; rural earth; dust; rural; uncouth; uncultured; plebeian
trad. (混凝土)		混	凝	土
simp. #(混凝土)		混	凝	土

Etymology

Wasei kango (和製漢語), orthographically borrowed from Japanese 混(コン)凝(クリー)土(ト) (konkurīto), in turn from English concrete.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): hùnníngtǔ, hǔnníngtǔ

  (Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄣˋ ㄋㄧㄥˊ ㄊㄨˇ, ㄏㄨㄣˇ ㄋㄧㄥˊ ㄊㄨˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): wan⁶ jing⁴ tou²
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): hūn-gêng-thó͘ / khōng-ku-lí

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: hùnníngtǔ
    • Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄣˋ ㄋㄧㄥˊ ㄊㄨˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: hùnníngtǔ
    • Wade–Giles: hun⁴-ning²-tʻu³
    • Yale: hwùn-níng-tǔ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: huennningtuu
    • Palladius: хуньнинту (xunʹnintu)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xu̯ən⁵¹ niŋ³⁵ tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
      
  • (Standard Chinese, variant or dialectal)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: hǔnníngtǔ
    • Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄣˇ ㄋㄧㄥˊ ㄊㄨˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: hǔnníngtǔ
    • Wade–Giles: hun³-ning²-tʻu³
    • Yale: hwǔn-níng-tǔ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hoenningtuu
    • Palladius: хуньнинту (xunʹnintu)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xu̯ən²¹⁴⁻²¹ niŋ³⁵ tʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: wan⁶ jing⁴ tou²
    • Yale: wahn yìhng tóu
    • Cantonese Pinyin: wan⁶ jing⁴ tou²
    • Guangdong Romanization: wen⁶ ying⁴ tou²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /wɐn²² jɪŋ²¹ tʰou̯³⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hūn-gêng-thó͘
    • Tâi-lô: hūn-gîng-thóo
    • Phofsit Daibuun: huxn'gengtor
    • IPA (Xiamen): /hun²²⁻²¹ ɡiɪŋ²⁴⁻²² tʰɔ⁵³/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /hun²²⁻²¹ ɡiɪŋ¹³⁻²² tʰɔ⁵³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /hun⁴¹⁻²² ɡiɪŋ²⁴⁻²² tʰɔ⁵⁵⁴/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khōng-ku-lí
    • Tâi-lô: khōng-ku-lí
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qoxngkulie
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰɔŋ³³⁻²¹ ku⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁴¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kʰɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ ku⁴⁴⁻³³ li⁵³/

Note: khōng-ku-lí - from Japanese pronunciation.

Noun

混凝土

1. concrete (building material)

Synonyms

• 三合土 (sānhétǔ, “lime-sand-clay mixture”)
• 三和土 (¹se-wu-thu) (Shanghainese)
• 灰塗／灰涂 (“lime-sand-clay mixture”) (Hokkien)
• 石屎 (shíshǐ) (chiefly Cantonese)
• 砼 (tóng) (technical)

 

Related terms

• 水泥 (shuǐní)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
混	凝	土
こん Grade: 5 (ateji)	こり > くりー Grade: S	と Grade: 1
on’yomi	irregular	kan’on

Etymology

Phono-semantic matching of English concrete: from 混(こん) (kon, “to blend; to mix”) + 凝(こり) (kori, “congealing”) + 土(と) (to, “dirt; soil”); coined by Isami Hiroi (広井勇).

Noun

混凝土(コンクリート) • (konkurīto) 

1. Alternative spelling of コンクリート