ꜥḏ

Egyptian

Pronunciation

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /ɑːd͡ʒ/
  • Conventional anglicization: adj

Verb

 2-lit.

1. (intransitive) to be(come) intact or whole
   • c. 2000–1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115), lines 7–8:

     jzwt.n jj.t(j) ꜥd.t(j) nn nhw n mšꜥ.n

     Our crew has returned intact, without loss to our expedition.

Inflection

Conjugation of ꜥḏ (biliteral / 2-lit. / 2rad.) — base stem: ꜥḏ, geminated stem: ꜥḏḏ

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
ꜥḏ	ꜥḏw, ꜥḏ	ꜥḏt	ꜥḏ, j.ꜥḏ	ꜥḏ, j.ꜥḏ

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
ꜥḏ	ḥr ꜥḏ	m ꜥḏ	r ꜥḏ

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	contingent
		aspect / mood	active
perfect	ꜥḏ.n	consecutive	ꜥḏ.jn
terminative	ꜥḏt
perfective3	ꜥḏ	obligative1	ꜥḏ.ḫr
imperfective	ꜥḏ, j.ꜥḏ1
prospective3	ꜥḏ	potentialis1	ꜥḏ.kꜣ
subjunctive	ꜥḏ, j.ꜥḏ1

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms	participles
	active	active	passive
perfect	ꜥḏ.n	—	—
perfective	ꜥḏ	ꜥḏ	ꜥḏḏ, ꜥḏḏj6, ꜥḏ2, ꜥḏw2 5, ꜥḏy2 5
imperfective	j.ꜥḏ1, ꜥḏ, ꜥḏy, ꜥḏw5	j.ꜥḏ1, j.ꜥḏw1 5, ꜥḏ, ꜥḏj6, ꜥḏy6	ꜥḏ, ꜥḏw5
prospective	ꜥḏ, ꜥḏtj7	ꜥḏtj4, ꜥḏt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ꜥḏ  

ꜥd

Derived terms

• ꜥḏ-jb

Verb

 2-lit.

1. (transitive) to reel in
2. (transitive) to learn about

Inflection

Conjugation of ꜥḏ (biliteral / 2-lit. / 2rad.) — base stem: ꜥḏ, geminated stem: ꜥḏḏ

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
ꜥḏ	ꜥḏw, ꜥḏ	ꜥḏt	ꜥḏ, j.ꜥḏ	ꜥḏ, j.ꜥḏ

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
ꜥḏ	ḥr ꜥḏ	m ꜥḏ	r ꜥḏ

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	ꜥḏ.n	ꜥḏw, ꜥḏ	consecutive	ꜥḏ.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	ꜥḏt
perfective3	ꜥḏ	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	ꜥḏ.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	ꜥḏ, j.ꜥḏ1	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	ꜥḏ	ꜥḏḏ	potentialis1	ꜥḏ.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	ꜥḏ, j.ꜥḏ1	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	ꜥḏ.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	ꜥḏ	active + .tj1, .tw2	ꜥḏ	ꜥḏḏ, ꜥḏḏj6, ꜥḏ2, ꜥḏw2 5, ꜥḏy2 5
imperfective	j.ꜥḏ1, ꜥḏ, ꜥḏy, ꜥḏw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	j.ꜥḏ1, j.ꜥḏw1 5, ꜥḏ, ꜥḏj6, ꜥḏy6	ꜥḏ, ꜥḏw5
prospective	ꜥḏ, ꜥḏtj7	—	ꜥḏtj4, ꜥḏt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

References

• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 217, 273.