Appendix:Cebuano–Hiligaynon relations

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This appendix contains the relations between Cebuano and Hiligaynon.

Cebuano (also Bisaya) and Hiligaynon (also Ilonggo) are two of the most spoken Bisayan languages, both descended from Proto-Bisayan and ultimately from Proto-Philippine, Proto-Malayo-Polynesian, and Proto-Austronesian. Cebuano is natively spoken in Cebu, eastern Negros Island, western and southern Leyte, southeast Masbate, northern Mindanao and central Davao Region (Davao City and southern Davao del Norte, specifically); it is a second language elsewhere in Mindanao except the Muslim-majority regions. Hiligaynon is a Central Bisayan language natively spoken in north, central and eastern Iloilo, most of Capiz, western Negros and parts of central Mindanao; it is a second language in much of central Mindanao. While not official languages of the Philippines, they are recognized as regional auxiliary languages where they are spoken. Cebuano and Hiligaynon vocabularies have 80% mutually intelligibility, but there are also many vocabulary, spelling and grammatical differences; in particular, the Bisayan language family is considered a dialect continuum, with neighboring varieties being mostly mutually intelligible, but differences accumulate over huge distances.

Unless otherwise indicated, Cebuano terms listed usually refer to General Cebuano (the standard language based on the Carcar-Dalaguete/Sialo dialect). Hiligaynon terms usually refer to standard Hiligaynon as spoken in northern and central Iloilo province, as opposed to Urban Hiligaynon as spoken in Iloilo City. Stress is implied on the second-to-final (penultimate) where no accents are provided.

Cognates and shared vocabulary

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Cebuano and Hiligaynon have striking similarities in core, inherited vocabulary. Except for some differences in vocabulary, grammar and spelling (which are explained below), there is huge mutual intelligibility between the two languages, in both spoken and written forms.

Below is a list of terms shared between Cebuano and Hiligaynon, as well as cognates. Also included is a English translation or gloss, and a Proto-Bisayan reconstruction (mostly following Zorc 1977). Some of the terms are inherited directly from Proto-Central Philippine, Proto-Philippine or Proto-Malayo-Polynesian with no changes.

English Cebuano Hiligaynon Proto-Bisayan
afternoon hapon hapon *hapun
back likód likód *likúd
because tungod tungud *təŋud
bile apdo apdo *qapdu
blood dugo dugo *duguq
body hair; down balhibo balahibo *badahibu
to breathe ginhawa ginhawa *ginhawa
to choose pilì pilì *piliq
cooked rice; food kan-on kan-on *kaqən-ən
cough ubó ubó *qubuh
depth dalom dalum *daləm
devil yawà yawà *yawaq
to eat kaon kaon *kaqən
egg itlóg itlóg *qitlug
eight waló waló *walú
to be happy lipay lipay *lipay
to fear hadlok hadluk *hadluk
fingernail; claw kuko kuko *kukuh
fire kalayo kalayo *kalayu
five lima lima *lima
front atubang atubang *qatubaŋ
to get kuha kuha *kuhaq
to go missing; to lose walà wala *wadaq
hand kamot kamot *kamət
heart kasingkasing kasingkasing *kasiŋkasiŋ
heavy bug-at bug-at *bəgqat
house baláy baláy *balay
hulled rice bugás bugás *bəgas
human person tawo tawo *tau
hundred gatos gatus *gatus
I akó akó *aku
to know hibalo hibalo *hi-badu
left wala wala *walah
lightning kilát kilát *kilat
louse kuto kuto *kutu
to love higugma higugma *hi-gəgma
middle tungâ tungâ *təŋaq
moon; month bulan bulan *bulan
night gabii gab-i *gabiqi
no, none waláy, walâ waláy, walâ *waday, *wadaq
noon udto udto *qudtu
north wind; northeast monsoon amihan amihan *amihan
nose ilong ilong *ijuŋ
now; today karón karon *kadun
parent ginikanan ginikanan *g(-in-)ikan-an
to pity luoy luoy *luquy
place away from the coast or town; inland ilaya ilaya *i-daya
place toward the direction of town or the sea; seaward ilawod ilawod *i-laud
rain ulán ulán *qudan
red pulá pulá *pulah
river subà subà *subaq
to run dagan dalagan *dalagan
soul kalag kalag *kalag
south wind; southwest monsoon habagat habagat *habagat
sourness aslom aslum *ʔasləm
stairs hagdán hagdán *hagdan
star bituon bitoon *bituqən
sun; day adlaw adlaw *qadlaw
tail ikóg ikóg *ikug
two duha duha *duha
umbrella payong payong *payuŋ
to use gamit gamit *gamit
we (exclusive) kamí kamí *kami
we (inclusive) kita kita *kita
white putî putî *putiq
widow balo balo *balu
wife asawa asawa *qasawa
woman babaye babaye *babai
world kalibotan kalibutan *ka-libut-an
year tuig tuig *tuqig
you (absolutive common singular) ikaw ikaw *ikaw
you (absolutive plural, polite singular) kamo kamo *kamu
your, yours (common singular) imo imo *imu
your, yours (plural, polite singular) inyo inyo *inyu

All cognates display the changes of Proto-Bisayan schwa to /o ~ u/.

The Proto-Central Philippine cluster *l+consonant (except *h, *q or another *l) undergo metathesis in Bisayan (e.g. PPh *qalsəm > PCPh *ʔalsəm > PBis ʔasləm > Cebuano aslom and Hiligaynon aslum)

Borrowings

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There is limited borrowing between Cebuano and Hiligaynon despite intense contact due to high mutual intelligibility, but Cebuano dialects spoken in Negros and central Mindanao feature borrowings from Hiligaynon.

False friends

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Cebuano word English translation Hiligaynon translation Hiligaynon word English translation Cebuano translation
balaod law pagbulut-an balaód dysentery disenteriya

Spelling differences

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Some words similarly pronounced in Cebuano and Hiligaynon and/or mean the same are spelled differently according to their respective de facto spelling standards. For Cebuano, modern standard spelling is based on the rules devised by Bisaya magazine and adapted as standard by the Cebu Provincial Commission on the Cebuano Language and the Philippine Department of Education. For Hiligaynon, there is no effective standard, but spellings from John Kaufmann's Visayan-English Dictionary (1934) are provided for contrast (with some changes to reflect present-day spelling influenced by standard Filipino spelling generally used in written Tagalog). Other spellings as used by other sources (e.g. Pambansang Diksiyonaryo by the University of the Philippines' Sentro ng Wikang Filipino and the Diksiyonaryo ng Wikang Filipino by the Commission on the Filipino Language) are provided in "Notes".

English translation Cebuano Hiligaynon Note
big dako daku
black itom itum KWF uses itom for both.
breeze huyuhoy hoyohoy
to catch dakop dakup
colonel koronel kornel From Spanish coronel
to drink inom inum KWF uses inom for both
drunk hubog hubug
earring ariyos aritos From distinct corruptions of Spanish arete, aretes
election eleksiyon eleksyon
to gamble sugal hugar Both from Spanish jugar. Cebuano is based on a corruption of early modern Spanish pronunciation, while the Hiligaynon is based on modern Spanish pronunciation.
gloves guwantes gwantes From Spanish guantes
gravel graba grabas From Spanish grava. Cebuano borrows from singular; Hiligaynon from plural.
to harm daot daut
to hear dungog dungug Cebuano term only exists in dialects, having being displaced by pamati. KWF uses dungog for both
hope paglaom paglaum
to hope laom laum
hunger kagutom kagutum
incense insenso insyenso From Spanish incienso. Cebuano uses simplified spelling.
indigestion empatso impatso From Spanish empacho.
island pulo polo
kingdom gingharian ginharian
mattress kutson koltson From Spanish colchón. Cebuano reduces consonant cluster, while Hiligaynon retains it.
needle dagom dagum
night gabii gab-i
north amihanan aminhan
open abli abri From Spanish abrir
power; might gahom gahum
school eskuwela/eskuyla eskwela From Spanish escuela
volcano bulkan bolkan From Spanish volcán. SWF uses the form bulkan for both.
world kalibotan kalibutan

Some differences in spelling are explained due to standardization of Cebuano spelling. For example, standard Cebuano uses ⟨o⟩ for all instances of /o ~ u/ in final syllables of native words.

Contractions are also differently spelled in Cebuano and Hiligaynon. Cebuano removes the requirement for apostrophes, while Hiligaynon still require them. The clitic linker, nga, where contracted to -ng (used with words ending with vowels) or -g (used with words ending with /n/) are always written without apostrophe at word boundaries.

Hiligaynon generally retains the original spellings of Spanish loanwords with minor changes (one possible exception for /sj/ which is transcribed to ⟨sy⟩), though this is not always observed (e.g. abuelo vs. eskwela). Cebuano generally respells them according to standard transcription rules, with the known exceptions such as with corrupted borrowings or simplified spellings (usually a compromise between Cebuano pronunciation and the etymology).

Vocabulary differences

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English translation Cebuano Hiligaynon
and ug kag
city siyudad, dakbayan

siyudad, banwa, dakbanwa

cold (infection) sip-ón hilanat, sip-on
color bulok, kolór duwag, kolór
cousin ig-agaw

primo, prima

delicious lami namit
dysentery disenteriya

balaod

east sidlakan sidlangan
father amahan, tatay amay, tatay
future kaugmaon, umalabot palaabuton, alatubangon
gums (of the teeth) lagós

lasì

ignorant tagaw, ignorante pakok, urais, ignorante
jealousy pagselos, pangabugho imon
law balaod pagbulut-an, balidha
morning buntag aga
mother inahan, nanay, inay iloy, nanay, inay, inahan (of animals only)
nation nasod pungsud, nasyon
no (not) dili indi, dili
or o ukon
to play dula, hampang (Negros, Surigao) hampang
south habagatan bagatnan
town lungsod banwa
twin kaluha kapid
west kasadpan katulundan
whisper hunghong hutik
yolk pughak batog

There are also some differences in grammatical items, much of which are minimal. Cebuano and Hiligaynon conjugate have similar basic conjugations (realis, irrealis), but some conjugations are differently affixed in each language and Hiligaynon no longer uses a imperative aspect as Cebuano do.

Gloss Cebuano Hiligaynon
1st actor trigger irrealis and infinitive mo- -um-/um- Cebuano also used to use -um- for the same conjugations, but it has since been displaced by modern mo-. Some instances of the affix remain in archaic texts and are also fossilized in Cebuano surnames.
1st actor trigger realis mi-/ni- -um-/um- Cebuano also used to use -um- for the same conjugations, but it has since been displaced by modern mi-. Some instances of the affix remain in archaic texts and are also fossilized in Cebuano surnames.
existential particle adunay (full), dunay (clipped) may
object marker sa (definite), og (indefinite) sang, sing (indefinite) Contemporary Hiligaynon uses sang for both definite and indefinite objects; sing mostly used in formal texts (e.g. Bible translations, prepared speeches).
direct object and instrumental trigger realis gi- gin-

Cebuano and Hiligaynon also have some differences in their words for certain numerals. Some Hiligaynon numbers are strikingly similar to those in Tagalog, but those are best explained by inheritance from a secondary set of Proto-Malayo-Polynesian numerals which were also the source of some Tagalog numerals.

English translation Cebuano Hiligaynon
one usa isa
three tulo tatlo
four upat apat
six unom anum

Influence on Masbatenyo

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Hiligaynon and Cebuano have influence in Masbatenyo, the native Bisayan language spoken in Masbate island; Hiligaynon has the most influence, and it has been hypothesized Masbatenyo is a mix of Hiligaynon, Cebuano, and Bikol, but it is more closely related to the West Sorsogon language spoken in Sorsogon province. Hiligaynon and Masbatenyo has 76% mutual intelligibility but this is one-way; Hiligaynon speakers can understand Masbatenyo, but most Masbatenyo speakers have difficulty understanding Hiligaynon.

Example texts

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Provided here are various example texts for comparison between the two languages.

Basic phrases

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English Cebuano Hiligaynon
Hello Kumusta/Maayong adlaw
Good morning Maayong buntag Maayong aga
Good afternoon Maayong udto (noon-12:59PM); Maayong palis (1-2:59PM); Maayong hapon (3-6PM) Maayong ugto (noon-12:59PM); Maayong hapon (1-6PM)
Good evening Maayong gabii Maayong gab-i
Goodbye Ari na ko; Hangtod sa sunod na kahigayon Asta sa liwat
Thank you Salamat
Thank you very much Daghang salamat Salamat gid

Lord's Prayer

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Cebuano Hiligaynon

Amahan Namo

Amahan namo, nga anaa sa langit, pagabalaanon unta ang imong ngalan. Umabot kanamo ang imong gingharian, matuman ang imong kabubut-on, dinhi sa yuta maingon sa langit. Hatagi kami karong adlawa sa among kalan-on sa matag adlaw, ug pasayloa kami sa among mga sala, maingon nga kami usab nagapasaylo sa mga makasasala kanamo, ug ayaw kami itugyan sa panulay, kondili luwasa kami gikan sa daotan. Amen.

Amay Namon

Amay namon, nga yara ka sa mga langit, pagdayawan ang imo ngalan. Umabot sa amon ang imo ginharian, matuman ang imo buot, diri sa duta siling sa mga langit. Hatagan mo kami niyan sing kan-on namon, kag patawaron mo kami sang mga sala namon, siling nga ginapatawad namon ang nagasala sa amon, kag dili mo kami ipagpadaog sa mga panulay, hinuhuo luwason mo kami sa kalaot. Amen.

Ten Commandments (Roman Catholic)

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Cebuano Hiligaynon

Napulo ka Sugo

  1. Ako mao ang Ginoo nga imong Diyos; dili kamo magsimba sa uban nga diyos gawas kanako.
  2. Dili mo paggamiton ang ngalan sa Ginoo nga inyong Diyos sa pasipala.
  3. Hinumdomi ang adlaw sa igpapahulay ug balaana kini.
  4. Tahora ang imong amahan ug ang imong inahan.
  5. Dili ka mopatay.
  6. Dili ka manapaw.
  7. Dili ka mangawat.
  8. Dili ka magsaksi og bakak batok sa imong isigkatawo.
  9. Dili ka maibog sa asawa sa imong isigkatawo.
  10. Dili ka maibog sa balay sa imong isigkatawo, o sa iyang mga ulipon, o sa iyang mga baka o asno, o sa bisan unsa nga iya.
Napulo ka Sugo
  1. Ako ang Ginoo nga inyo Dios; dili kamo magsimba sa uban nga dios magluwas sa akon.
  2. Dili mo paggamiton ang ngalan sa Ginoo nga inyo Dios sa walay kapuslanan.
  3. Dumdumi ang adlaw sa inugpahuway kag pakasantoson ini.
  4. Tahura ang imo amay kag iloy.
  5. Dili ka magpatay.
  6. Dili ka magkasala batok sa pagkaulay.
  7. Dili ka magpangawat.
  8. Dili ka magsaksi sing butig batok sa imo isigkatawo.
  9. Dili ka maibug sa asawa sa imo isigkatawo.
  10. Dili ka maibug sa balay sa imo isigkatawo, ukon sa iya mga ulipon, ukon sa iya mga baka ukon asno, ukon sa bisan ano nga iya.

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

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Cebuano Hiligaynon
Ang tanang katawhan gipakatawo nga may kagawasan ug managsama sa kabilihon. Sila gigasahan sa salabotan ug tanlag ug mag-ilhanay isip managsoon sa usag usa diha sa diwa sa espiritu. Ang tanan nga tawo ginbun-ag nga hilway kag may pag-alalangay sa dungog kag katarungan. Sila ginhatagan sang pagpamat-od kag konsensya kag nagakadapat nga magbinuligay sa kahulugan sang inuturay.

See also

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