Appendix:Dutch Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Dutch, compared with definitions in English.

Introduction

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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No. English Dutch
Nederlands
IPA
pronunciation
1 I ik ɪk
2 you (singular) jij, je (informal), u (formal) jɛi, , y
3 he hij hɛi
4 we wij, we ʋɛi, ʋə
5 you (plural) jullie ˈjʏli
6 they zij, ze zɛiː,
7 this deze, dit ˈdeːzə, dɪt
8 that die, dat di, dɑt
9 here hier hiːr
10 there daar daːr
11 who wie ʋi
12 what wat ʋɑt
13 where waar ʋaːr
14 when wanneer ʋɑˈneːr
15 how hoe hu
16 not niet nit
17 all al, alle ɑl, ˈɑlə
18 many veel, menig veːl, ˈmeːnəx
19 some enkele, sommige ˈɛŋkələ, ˈsɔməɣə
20 few weinig ˈʋɛinəx
21 other ander ˈandər
22 one een eːn
23 two twee tʋeː
24 three drie dri
25 four vier viːr
26 five vijf vɛif
27 big groot ɣroːt
28 long lang lɑŋ
29 wide breed, wijd breːt, ʋɛit
30 thick dik dɪk
31 heavy zwaar, hevig zʋaːr, ˈheːvəx
32 small klein klɛin
33 short kort kɔrt
34 narrow smal smɑl
35 thin dun dʏn
36 woman vrouw vrɔu
37 man (male) man mɑn
38 man (human) mens mɛns
39 child kind kɪnt
40 wife vrouw, echtgenote vrɔu, ˈɛxtxənoːtə
41 husband man, echtgenoot mɑn, ˈɛxtxənoːt
42 mother moeder ˈmudər
43 father vader ˈvaːdər
44 animal dier diːr
45 fish vis vɪs
46 bird vogel ˈvoːɣəl
47 dog hond hont
48 louse luis lœys
49 snake slang slɑŋ
50 worm worm ʋɔrm
51 tree boom boːm
52 forest woud ʋɔut
53 stick stok stɔk
54 fruit fruit, vrucht frœyt, vrʏxt
55 seed zaad zaːt
56 leaf blad blɑt
57 root wortel ˈʋɔrtəl
58 bark (of a tree) schors sxɔrs
59 flower bloem blum
60 grass gras ɣrɑs
61 rope touw, koord tɔuw, koːrt
62 skin huid hœyt
63 meat vlees vleːs
64 blood bloed blut
65 bone been beːn
66 fat (noun) vet vɛt
67 egg ei ɛi
68 horn hoorn ˈhoːrn
69 tail staart staːrt
70 feather veer veːr
71 hair haar haːr
72 head hoofd, kop hoːft, kɔp
73 ear oor oːr
74 eye oog oːx
75 nose neus nøːs
76 mouth mond mɔnt
77 tooth tand tɑnt
78 tongue tong tɔŋ
79 fingernail vingernagel ˈvɪŋərˈnaːɣəl
80 foot voet vut
81 leg been, poot beːn, po:t
82 knee knie kni
83 hand hand hɑnt
84 wing vleugel ˈvløːɣəl
85 belly buik bœyk
86 guts darmen ˈdɑrmə
87 neck nek, hals nɛk, hɑls
88 back rug rʏx
89 breast borst bɔrst
90 heart hart hɑrt
91 liver lever ˈleːvər
92 to drink drinken ˈdrɪŋkə
93 to eat eten ˈeːtə
94 to bite bijten ˈbɛitə
95 to suck zuigen ˈzœyɣə
96 to spit spuwen ˈspywə
97 to vomit braken, overgeven ˈbraːkə, ˈoːvərɣeːvə
98 to blow blazen ˈblaːzə
99 to breathe ademen ˈaːdəmə
100 to laugh lachen ˈlɑxə
101 to see zien zin
102 to hear horen ˈhoːrə
103 to know weten ˈʋeːtə
104 to think denken ˈdɛŋkə
105 to smell ruiken ˈrœykə
106 to fear vrezen ˈvreːzə
107 to sleep slapen ˈslaːpə
108 to live leven ˈleːvə
109 to die sterven ˈstɛrvə
110 to kill doden ˈdoːdə
111 to fight vechten ˈvɛxtə
112 to hunt jagen ˈjaːɣə
113 to hit slaan, raken slaːn, ˈraːkə
114 to cut knippen, snijden ˈknɪpə, ˈsnɛidə
115 to split splijten ˈsplɛitə
116 to stab steken ˈsteːkə
117 to scratch krabben ˈkrɑbə
118 to dig graven ˈɣraːvə
119 to swim zwemmen ˈzʋɛmə
120 to fly vliegen ˈvliɣə
121 to walk lopen, stappen ˈloːpə, ˈstɑpə
122 to come komen ˈkoːmə
123 to lie (as in a bed) liggen ˈlɪɣə
124 to sit zitten ˈzɪtə
125 to stand staan staːn
126 to turn (intransitive) draaien ˈdraːjə
127 to fall vallen ˈvɑlə
128 to give geven ˈɣeːvə
129 to hold houden ˈhɔudə
130 to squeeze knijpen ˈknɛipə
131 to rub wrijven ˈʋrɛivə
132 to wash wassen ˈʋɑsə
133 to wipe vegen ˈveɣə
134 to pull trekken ˈtrɛkə
135 to push duwen ˈdywə
136 to throw werpen, gooien ˈʋɛrpə, ˈɣoːjə
137 to tie vastmaken, binden ˈvɑstmaːkə, ˈbɪndə
138 to sew naaien ˈnaːjə
139 to count tellen ˈtɛlə
140 to say zeggen ˈzɛɣə
141 to sing zingen ˈzɪŋə
142 to play spelen ˈspeːlə
143 to float drijven ˈdrɛivə
144 to flow vloeien ˈvlujə
145 to freeze vriezen ˈvrizə
146 to swell zwellen ˈzʋɛlə
147 sun zon zɔn
148 moon maan maːn
149 star ster stɛr
150 water water ˈʋaːtər
151 rain regen ˈreːɣən
152 river rivier riˈviːr
153 lake meer meːr
154 sea zee zeː
155 salt zout zɔut
156 stone steen steːn
157 sand zand zɑnt
158 dust stof stɔf
159 earth aarde ˈaːrdə
160 cloud wolk ʋɔlk
161 fog mist, nevel mɪst, ˈneːvəl
162 sky lucht, hemel lʏxt, ˈheːməl
163 wind wind ʋɪnt
164 snow sneeuw sneːw
165 ice ijs ɛis
166 smoke rook roːk
167 fire vuur vʏːr
168 ash as ɑs
169 to burn branden ˈbrɑndə
170 road weg ʋɛx
171 mountain berg bɛrx
172 red rood roːt
173 green groen ɣrun
174 yellow geel ɣeːl
175 white wit ʋɪt
176 black zwart zʋɑrt
177 night nacht nɑxt
178 day dag dɑx
179 year jaar jaːr
180 warm warm ʋɑrm
181 cold koud kɔut
182 full vol vɔl
183 new nieuw niːw
184 old oud ɔut
185 good goed ɣut
186 bad slecht slɛxt
187 rotten rot rɔt
188 dirty vuil vœyl
189 straight recht rɛxt
190 round rond rɔnt
191 sharp (as a knife) scherp sxɛrp
192 dull (as a knife) stomp, bot stɔmp, bɔt
193 smooth glad ɣlat
194 wet nat nɑt
195 dry droog droːx
196 correct juist, correct jœyst, kɔˈrɛkt
197 near dichtbij dɪxtˈbɛi
198 far ver vɛr
199 right rechts rɛxts
200 left links lɪŋks
201 at aan, te, bij aːn, , bɛi
202 in in ɪn
203 with met mɛt
204 and en ɛn
205 if als, indien ɑls, ɪnˈdin
206 because omdat ɔmˈdɑt
207 name naam naːm
  • Pronunciation :

The pronunciation shown is the standard pronunciation ("AN", formerly named "ABN"). Depending on the speakers and the area, the actual pronunciation may differ, more or less significantly, from the pronunciation shown.

Bibliography

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  • Les langages de l'humanité (Michel Malherbe), Robert Laffont, Paris 1995 - →ISBN
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Swadesh lists
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