Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kʷel-

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This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European[edit]

    Root[edit]

    *kʷel-

    1. to turn (end-over-end)
    2. to revolve around, and therefore to sojourn, to dwell

    Reconstruction notes[edit]

    The root is sometimes reconstructed with -h₁- in order to explain some forms in Greek, including:

    This reconstruction, however, contradicts some forms in other languages, e.g.:

    • Proto-Italic *kʷl̥-tó-s (past participle) > Latin cultus (not **clātus < **kʷl̥h₁-tós)

    Alternative reconstructions[edit]

    Derived terms[edit]

    Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *kʷel-‎ (37 c, 0 e)
    • *kʷól-os ~ *kʷól-es-os
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kalas
        • Proto-Slavic: *kolo (see there for further descendants)
    • *kʷol-so-
      • Proto-Germanic: *halsaz (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Italic: *kʷolsom
        • Latin: collum (see there for further descendants)
    • *kʷl̥-tó-s
    • *kʷel-éh₂
    • *kʷel-h₃onh₂-os
    • Unsorted formations:
      • Hellenic:
      • Indo-Iranian:
        • Indo-Aryan:
      • Proto-Tocharian: *käl-[4]
      • Proto-Tocharian:
        • Tocharian B: klutk-
        • (possibly) → Proto-Uralic: *kulke- (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kela-
        • Proto-Slavic: *čeľadь (“household, servants”) (see there for further descendants)
        • (possibly) Proto-Slavic: *čelověkъ (“human”) (see there for further descendants)

    References[edit]

    1. ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “ku̯elh₁-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 386
    2. ^ Orel, Vladimir E. (2000) A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language: reconstruction of Proto-Albanian‎[1], Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 214: “*kle-nti”
    3. ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “kele”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 211
    4. ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “käl-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 179-181
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