Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/tǫžiti

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology 1

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *tangīˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *tongʰ-éye-ti, éye-causative of *tengʰ- (“to pull back, be heavy”). By surface analysis, *tǫgъ +‎ *-iti. Doublet of *tęžiti, a Slavic construction.

Verb

*tǫžiti

1. to tense, to strain

Inflection

Conjugation of *tǫžiti, *tǫži, *tǫžitь (?, -i-, s-aorist, accent paradigm ?)

Suffix: *-iti
― iterative (*nositi⇐*nesti)
― causative (*pojiti⇐*piti)
― ...

Verbal noun	Infinitive	Supine	L-participle
*tǫženьje	*tǫžiti	*tǫžitъ	*tǫžilъ

	Participles
Tense	Past	Present
Passive	*tǫženъ	*tǫžimъ
Active	*tǫžь	*tǫžę

	Aorist			Present
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*tǫžixъ	*tǫži	*tǫži	*tǫžǫ	*tǫžiši	*tǫžitь
Dual	*tǫžixově	*tǫžista	*tǫžiste	*tǫživě	*tǫžita	*tǫžite
Plural	*tǫžixomъ	*tǫžiste	*tǫžišę	*tǫžimъ	*tǫžite	*tǫžętь
	Imperfect			Imperative
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*tǫžaaxъ	*tǫžaaše	*tǫžaaše	—	*tǫži	*tǫži
Dual	*tǫžaaxově	*tǫžaašeta	*tǫžaašete	*tǫživě	*tǫžita	—
Plural	*tǫžaaxomъ	*tǫžaašete	*tǫžaaxǫ	*tǫžimъ	*tǫžite	—

Notes:
• (*)*tǫživъ is a later doublet of the past active participle

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Russian: ту́житься (túžitʹsja)
  • Ukrainian: -ту́жити (-túžyty)
• West Slavic:
  • Czech: tužit
  • Polish: tężyć
  • Slovak: tužiť
  • Sorbian:
    • Upper Sorbian: tužić

Etymology 2

From *tǫga (“melancholy, sadness”) +‎ *-ti.

Verb

*tǫžiti

1. to long for, to yearn

Inflection

Conjugation of *tǫžiti, *tǫži, *tǫžitь (?, -i-, s-aorist, accent paradigm ?)

Suffix: *-iti
― iterative (*nositi⇐*nesti)
― causative (*pojiti⇐*piti)
― ...

Verbal noun	Infinitive	Supine	L-participle
*tǫženьje	*tǫžiti	*tǫžitъ	*tǫžilъ

	Participles
Tense	Past	Present
Passive	*tǫženъ	*tǫžimъ
Active	*tǫžь	*tǫžę

	Aorist			Present
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*tǫžixъ	*tǫži	*tǫži	*tǫžǫ	*tǫžiši	*tǫžitь
Dual	*tǫžixově	*tǫžista	*tǫžiste	*tǫživě	*tǫžita	*tǫžite
Plural	*tǫžixomъ	*tǫžiste	*tǫžišę	*tǫžimъ	*tǫžite	*tǫžętь
	Imperfect			Imperative
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*tǫžaaxъ	*tǫžaaše	*tǫžaaše	—	*tǫži	*tǫži
Dual	*tǫžaaxově	*tǫžaašeta	*tǫžaašete	*tǫživě	*tǫžita	—
Plural	*tǫžaaxomъ	*tǫžaašete	*tǫžaaxǫ	*tǫžimъ	*tǫžite	—

Notes:
• (*)*tǫživъ is a later doublet of the past active participle

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: тужити (tužiti)
    • Old Ruthenian: тужити (tužiti), тужыти (tužyti)
      • Belarusian: ту́жыць (túžycʹ), ту́жіць (túžicʹ)
      • Ukrainian: тужи́ти (tužýty)
    • Russian: ту́жить (túžitʹ)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic:

    Old Cyrillic script: тѫжити (tǫžiti)

    Glagolitic script: ⱅⱘⰶⰻⱅⰻ (tǫžiti)

  • Bulgarian: тъжа (tǎža)
  • Macedonian: тажи (taži)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: ту́жити

    Latin script: túžiti

    • Chakavian (Vrgada): tūžȉti
    • Chakavian (Stinatz): tu:ž'it
    • Kajkavian (Varaždin): tọ̃žiti
  • Slovene: tožīti (tonal orthography)
    • Rovte dialect (Črni vrh, Idrija): tȗəšť
    • Lower Carniolan (Kostel dialect): ˈtọːžėt
• West Slavic:
  • Old Czech: túžiti
    • Czech: toužit
  • Old Polish: tążyć
  • Slovak: túžiť
  • Sorbian:
    • Lower Sorbian: tužyś
    • Upper Sorbian: tužić

Further reading

• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “ту́жить”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress