dwn

Egyptian

Etymology

From Proto-Afroasiatic *ṭVwl- (“long, far”); compare Arabic طَوِيل (ṭawīl, “tall, long”).

Pronunciation

 

• (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /ˈtʼaːwan/ → /ˈtʼaːwan/ → /ˈtʼaːwən/ → /ˈtʼoːwən/

• (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈtʼaːwan/
• (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈtʼaːwan/
• (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈtʼaːwən/
• (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈtʼoːwən/

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /duːn/
  • Conventional anglicization: dun

Verb

 3-lit.

1. (transitive) to stretch out
2. (intransitive) to be(come) stretched out

Inflection

Conjugation of dwn (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: dwn, geminated stem: dwnn

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
dwn	dwnw, dwn	dwnt	dwn	dwn

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
dwn	ḥr dwn	m dwn	r dwn

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	dwn.n	dwnw, dwn	consecutive	dwn.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	dwnt
perfective3	dwn	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	dwn.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	dwn	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	dwn	dwnn	potentialis1	dwn.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	dwn	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	dwn.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	dwn	active + .tj1, .tw2	dwn	dwn, dwnw5, dwny5
imperfective	dwn, dwny, dwnw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	dwn, dwnj6, dwny6	dwn, dwnw5
prospective	dwn, dwntj7	—	dwntj4, dwnt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Descendants

• Demotic: twn
  • Akhmimic Coptic: ⲧⲱⲛ (tōn), ⲧⲱⲛⲉ (tōne)
  • Bohairic Coptic: ⲧⲱⲟⲩⲛ (tōoun), ⲧⲱⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩ (tōounou)
  • Fayyumic Coptic: ⲧⲱⲟⲩⲛ (tōoun)
  • Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲧⲱⲟⲩⲛ (tōoun), ⲧⲱⲱⲛ (tōōn), ⲧⲱⲛ (tōn), ⲧⲱⲛⲉ (tōne)
  • Sahidic Coptic: ⲧⲱⲟⲩⲛ (tōoun), ⲧⲱⲱⲛ (tōōn)

References

• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1931) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎^[1], volume 5, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 431.1–432.13