Appendix:Chemical elements/English

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Periodic table

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group 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
period
1 1
H
2
He
2 3
Li
4
Be
5
B
6
C
7
N
8
O
9
F
10
Ne
3 11
Na
12
Mg
13
Al
14
Si
15
P
16
S
17
Cl
18
Ar
4 19
K
20
Ca
21
Sc
22
Ti
23
V
24
Cr
25
Mn
26
Fe
27
Co
28
Ni
29
Cu
30
Zn
31
Ga
32
Ge
33
As
34
Se
35
Br
36
Kr
5 37
Rb
38
Sr
39
Y
40
Zr
41
Nb
42
Mo
43
Tc
44
Ru
45
Rh
46
Pd
47
Ag
48
Cd
49
In
50
Sn
51
Sb
52
Te
53
I
54
Xe
6 55
Cs
56
Ba
71
Lu
72
Hf
73
Ta
74
W
75
Re
76
Os
77
Ir
78
Pt
79
Au
80
Hg
81
Tl
82
Pb
83
Bi
84
Po
85
At
86
Rn
7 87
Fr 
88
Ra
103
Lr
104
Rf
105
Db
106
Sg
107
Bh
108
Hs
109
Mt
110
Ds
111
Rg
112
Cn
113
Nh
114
Fl
115
Mc
116
Lv
117
Ts
118
Og
lanthanides 57
La
58
Ce
59
Pr
60
Nd
61
Pm
62
Sm
63
Eu
64
Gd
65
Tb
66
Dy
67
Ho
68
Er
69
Tm
70
Yb
actinides 89
Ac
90
Th
91
Pa
92
U
93
Np
94
Pu
95
Am
96
Cm
97
Bk
98
Cf
99
Es
100
Fm
101
Md
102
No

Groups of elements
alkali metals alkaline earths lanthanides actinides transition metals
other metals metalloids other nonmetals halogens noble gases

For more information, see Periodic table. Note that classification is not always agreed between sources (e.g. the set of metalloids) and classes can overlap (e.g. astatine is likely both a metal and a halogen). The elements La–Yb and Ac–No belong between groups 2 and 3, but are usually put below for reasons of space (not making the table too wide). Both positionings are nonetheless acceptable and used. The group numbers and placements shown are in accordance with reports of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry from 1988 and 2021.

Older periodic tables may show different formats, e.g. Mendeleev's system with only 8 groups. Many other formats have also been suggested, though with few exceptions (e.g. Janet's left-step table, Bayley's pyramid, or Benfey's spiral), they have not gotten much takeup, and none of them threaten the primacy of the standard form. Even within the modern form, today the f-block is sometimes still moved one element to the right, so that group 3 becomes Sc-Y-La-Ac and the f-block contains Ce–Lu and Th–Lr. (This form comes from initial false expectations and measurements of the electron configurations of the elements and was already considered to be incorrect in 1948 by Soviet physicists Lev Landau and Evgeny Lifshitz.)

Discussion still continues about the placements of hydrogen and helium (the first row): electronically (and somewhat chemically), hydrogen belongs in group 1 (though some authors prefer to put it in group 17 or place it floating outside all groups), but the criteria are in clear conflict for helium and there is significant discussion in modern chemical literature on whether it should be moved to group 2 (taking electronics as primary) or remain in group 18 (taking chemistry as primary).

Ordered list

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Z Symbol Name
1 H hydrogen
2 He helium
3 Li lithium
4 Be beryllium
5 B boron
6 C carbon
7 N nitrogen
8 O oxygen
9 F fluorine
10 Ne neon
11 Na sodium
12 Mg magnesium
13 Al aluminium
14 Si silicon
15 P phosphorus
16 S sulfur
17 Cl chlorine
18 Ar argon
19 K potassium
20 Ca calcium
21 Sc scandium
22 Ti titanium
23 V vanadium
24 Cr chromium
25 Mn manganese
26 Fe iron
27 Co cobalt
28 Ni nickel
29 Cu copper
30 Zn zinc
31 Ga gallium
32 Ge germanium
33 As arsenic
34 Se selenium
35 Br bromine
36 Kr krypton
37 Rb rubidium
38 Sr strontium
39 Y yttrium
40 Zr zirconium
41 Nb niobium
42 Mo molybdenum
43 Tc technetium
44 Ru ruthenium
45 Rh rhodium
46 Pd palladium
47 Ag silver
48 Cd cadmium
49 In indium
50 Sn tin
51 Sb antimony
52 Te tellurium
53 I iodine
54 Xe xenon
55 Cs caesium
56 Ba barium
57 La lanthanum
58 Ce cerium
59 Pr praseodymium
60 Nd neodymium
Z Symbol Name
61 Pm promethium
62 Sm samarium
63 Eu europium
64 Gd gadolinium
65 Tb terbium
66 Dy dysprosium
67 Ho holmium
68 Er erbium
69 Tm thulium
70 Yb ytterbium
71 Lu lutetium
72 Hf hafnium
73 Ta tantalum
74 W tungsten
75 Re rhenium
76 Os osmium
77 Ir iridium
78 Pt platinum
79 Au gold
80 Hg mercury
81 Tl thallium
82 Pb lead
83 Bi bismuth
84 Po polonium
85 At astatine
86 Rn radon
87 Fr francium
88 Ra radium
89 Ac actinium
90 Th thorium
91 Pa protactinium
92 U uranium
93 Np neptunium
94 Pu plutonium
95 Am americium
96 Cm curium
97 Bk berkelium
98 Cf californium
99 Es einsteinium
100 Fm fermium
101 Md mendelevium
102 No nobelium
103 Lr lawrencium
104 Rf rutherfordium
105 Db dubnium
106 Sg seaborgium
107 Bh bohrium
108 Hs hassium
109 Mt meitnerium
110 Ds darmstadtium
111 Rg roentgenium
112 Cn copernicium
113 Nh nihonium
114 Fl flerovium
115 Mc moscovium
116 Lv livermorium
117 Ts tennessine
118 Og oganesson
119 Uue* ununennium
120 Ubn* unbinilium
*Element has not yet been discovered

Elements beyond 118 have not yet been discovered: such elements are called by a temporary IUPAC systematic element name, concatenating Greek and Latin roots before the usual suffix "-ium". (This suffix overrides the traditional chemical suffixes, so "-ium" is used even if the element would be a halogen or noble gas.)

Digit Root Etymology Symbol Letter Example
0 nil Latin nihil ("nothing") n unbinilium
1 un Latin unus ("one") u unbiunium
2 bi Latin bis ("twice") b unbibium
3 tri Latin tres ("three")
Greek tria ("three")
t unbitrium
4 quad Latin quattuor ("four") q unbiquadium
5 pent Greek pente ("five") p unbipentium
6 hex Greek hex ("six") h unbihexium
7 sept Latin septem ("seven") s unbiseptium
8 oct Latin octo ("eight")
Greek okto ("eight")
o unbioctium
9 en(n) Greek ennea ("nine") e unbiennium
Suffix -(i)um Latin -um (neuter singular) none
  • If bi or tri is followed by the ending -ium (i.e. the last digit is 2 or 3), the result is -bium or -trium, not -biium or -triium.
Example 1: element 122: unbibium (Ubb)
Example 2: element 123: unbitrium (Ubt)
  • If enn is followed by nil (i.e. the sequence -90- occurs), the result is -ennil-, not -ennnil-.
Example 3: element 190: unennilium (Uen)

After an element is discovered, it keeps the systematic name until its discovery meets the criteria of and is accepted by the IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party, upon which the discoverers are invited to propose a permanent name and symbol. Once this is announced, a comment period then follows until the permanent name and symbol become official and displace the systematic ones.

Prefix forms

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Many, but not all, elements have an associated prefix form.

Prefix forms for the elements.
Prefix All forms Definition Category Alt-Sort Example
alumino- aluminio-, alumino- Aluminum. Elements 13 aluminography, aluminosilicate
argento- argento- Silver. Elements 47 argentic, argentiferous
argo- argo- Argon. Elements 18 argonium, argoxonium
argyr- argyr-, argyro- Silver. Elements 47 argyrose, argyric
arseno- arseno- Arsenic. Elements 33 arsenous, arsonium
astat- astat- Astatine. Elements 85 astatane, astatide
auri- aur-, auri-, auro- Gold. Elements 79 aurous, aurochloride
azo- az-, azo-, azoto-[1] Nitrogen. Elements 7 azobenzene, azophilic
baryto-2 baryto-2 Relating to barium. Elements 56 barytocalcite
beryl- beryl- Beryllium. Elements 4 beryllide, beryllocene
bismuto- bismuto- (mineralology) Used to name minerals in which an element of another mineral is replaced by bismuth. Elements 83
boro- boro- Boron. Elements 5
bromo- brom-, bromo- Bromine. Elements 35
cadmi- cadmi- Cadmium. Elements 48 cadmic, cadmiferous
calci- calc-, calci-, calcio-, calco- Calcium. Elements 20
carbo- carb-, carbo- Carbon. Elements 6
cer- cer- Cerium. Elements 58 cerate, cerous
chalco- chalco- Copper, brass. ore. Elements 29
chloro-2 chlor-2, chloro-2 Chlorine. Elements 17
chromo-2 chromo-2 Chromium. Elements 24
cobalti- cobalti- Cobaltic. Elements 27
cobalto- cobalto- Cobaltous. Elements 27
cupro- cupr-, cupro- Copper. Elements 29
europ- europ- Europium. Elements 63 europian, europoan
ferro- ferr-, ferri-, ferro-, ferroso- Iron (element); ferrous. Elements 26
fluoro- fluo-, fluor-, fluori-, fluoro- Fluorine. Fluorescence. Elements 9
fos- fos- Phosphorous. Elements 15
gall- gall- Gallium. Elements 31 gallane, gallylene
germano- germano- Germanium. Elements 32 germanol, germylene
hafn- hafn- Hafnium. Elements 72 hafnian, hafnocene dichloride
heli-2 heli-2 Helium. Elements 2 disodium helide
hydro-2 hydr-2, hydro-2 Hydrogen. Elements 1
indi- indi- Indium. Elements 49 indic, indite
io- io-, iod-, iodo- Iodine. Elements 53
iridio- iridio- Iridium. Elements 77
krypto- krypto- Krypton. Elements 36 kryptonate
lithio- lithio- Lithium. Elements 3
magnesio- magnesio- Magnesium. Elements 12
mangan- mangan-, mangano-1 Manganese. Elements 25
mercurico-1 mercurico-1 Mercury. Elements 80
molyb- molyb- Molybdenum. Elements 42 molybdenite, molybdian
natro- natr-, natro- Sodium. Elements 11
niob- niob- Niobium, Columbium. Elements 41 niobic, niobous
nitro- nitr-, nitro- Nitrogen. Elements 7
osmio- osmio- Osmium. Elements 76
oxo-1 ox-1, oxi-, oxo-1, oxy-3 Oxygen. Elements 8
pallado- palladio-, pallado- Palladium. Elements 46
phospho- phosph-, phospho-, phosphoro- Phosphorous. Elements 15 phosphate, phospholipid, phosphoric acid
platini- platini-, platino- Platinic, Platinum. Elements 78
platinoso- platinoso- Platinous. Elements 78
plumbo- plumb-, plumbo- Lead. Elements 82
pluto-2 pluto-2 Plutonium. Elements 94
pol- pol- Polonium. Elements 84 polane, polonide
potassio- potassio- Potassium. Elements 19
rhodo-2 rhodo-2 Rhodium. Elements 45 rhodate, rhodocene
rubid- rubid- Rubidium. Elements 37 rubidic, rubidide
ruthenio- ruthenio-, rutheno- Ruthenium. Elements 44
scandio- scandio-, scando- Scandium. Elements 21 scandiobabingtonite, scandocene
selenio- selenio-, seleno-2 Selenium. Elements 34
sidero-3 sidero-3 Iron. Elements 26
silico- silico- Silicon. Elements 14
sodio- sodio- Sodium. Elements 11
stanno- stann-, stanno- Tin. Elements 50
stibo- stib-, stibio-, stibo- Antimony. Elements 51
stronti- stronti- Strontium. Elements 38 strontianite, strontiofluorite
sulfo-1 sulf-1, sulfo-1, sulph-1, sulpho-1 Sulfur. Elements 16
tanta- tanta- Tantalum. Elements 73 tantalate, tantalous
technet- technet- Technetium. Elements 43 technetic, pertechnetate
tellur- tellur-, telluri-, telluro-2 Tellurium. Elements 52
terb- terb- Terbium. Elements 65 terbia, terbic
thall- thall- Thallium. Elements 81 thallane, thallous
thio- thi-, thio- Sulfur. Containing sulfur. Elements 16
thori- thori- Thorium. Elements 90 thorian, thoric
titano-1 titano-1 Titanium. Elements 22 titanomagnetite, titanosilicate
tungsto- tungsto- Tungsten. Elements 74 tungstate
uran- uran- Uranite. Elements 92 uranite, uranitic
uranoso- uranoso- Uranous. Elements 92
vanad- vanad- Vanadium. Elements 23 vanadocene, vanadyl
xen-2 xen-2 Xenon. Elements 54 xenic acid, xenonium
yttro- yttro- Yttrium. Elements 39
zinco- zinco- Zinc. Elements 30
zirco- zirco- Zirconium. Elements 40

See also

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Notes

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  1. "The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) will officially endorse the new element's name [Copernicium] in six months' time in order to give the scientific community "time to discuss the suggestion"." (BBC)

References

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  1. ^ Wikipedia contributors. (2024, February 17). List of medical roots, suffixes and prefixes. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 09:05, February 17, 2024, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_medical_roots,_suffixes_and_prefixes&oldid=1208358797