Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-istaz
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This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Proto-Indo-European *-istHos, from *-yōs (relative suffix) + *-tHós (adjectival suffix).[1][2] Cognate with Ancient Greek -ιστος (-istos), Proto-Indo-Iranian *-ištʰas.
Pronunciation[edit]
Suffix[edit]
*-istaz (adverb *-ist, comparative *-izô)
- -est. Forms the superlative of certain adjectives.
Inflection[edit]
Declension of *-istaz (a-stem)
| strong declension | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | neuter | ||||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | |
| nominative | *-istaz | *-istai | *-istō | *-istôz | *-istą, *-at(ō) | *-istō |
| accusative | *-istanǭ | *-istanz | *-istǭ | *-istōz | *-istą, *-at(ō) | *-istō |
| genitive | *-istas, *-istis | *-istaizǫ̂ | *-istaizōz | *-istaizǫ̂ | *-istas, *-istis | *-istaizǫ̂ |
| dative | *-istammai | *-istaimaz | *-istaizōi | *-istaimaz | *-istammai | *-istaimaz |
| instrumental | *-istanō | *-istaimiz | *-istaizō | *-istaimiz | *-istanō | *-istaimiz |
| weak declension | ||||||
| masculine | feminine | neuter | ||||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | |
| nominative | *-istô | *-istaniz | *-istǭ | *-istōniz | *-istô | *-istōnō |
| accusative | *-istanų | *-istanunz | *-istōnų | *-istōnunz | *-istô | *-istōnō |
| genitive | *-istiniz | *-istanǫ̂ | *-istōniz | *-istōnǫ̂ | *-istiniz | *-istanǫ̂ |
| dative | *-istini | *-istammaz | *-istōni | *-istōmaz | *-istini | *-istammaz |
| instrumental | *-istinē | *-istammiz | *-istōnē | *-istōmiz | *-istinē | *-istammiz |
Usage notes[edit]
This was the normal superlative suffix for all i-, u- and ja-stem adjectives. The regular a-stem adjectives sometimes used this suffix, and sometimes the related suffix *-ōstaz without any predictable rule.
Synonyms[edit]
Derived terms[edit]
Descendants[edit]
- Old English: -st
- English: -est
- Old Frisian: -st
- West Frisian: -st
- Old Saxon: -ist
- Old Dutch: -ist
- Old High German: -ist
- German: -st
- Old Norse: -str
- Gothic: -𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃 (-ists)
References[edit]
- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011) Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 221
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 284