Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-vъ

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This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

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Etymology 1

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From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-was, from Proto-Indo-European *-wós, one of the suffixes from the so-called Caland system. As with other simple suffixes, *-vъ could be agglutinated to other morphemes forming compound suffixes like *-avъ (e.g. *glupavъ*glupъ), *-ivъ (e.g. *adušivъ*aduxa), *-ovъ (e.g. *surovъ*syrъ).

Suffix 1

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*-vъ

  1. From thematic declension of u-stem proto-adjectives, without independent base
    *novъ (new)
    *terzvъ (sober)
    *pьrvъ (first)
    *sъdorvъ (healthy)
  2. Deverbal, forming attributive adjectives
    *lajati (to lurk, to ambush)*lěvъ (left)
    *perti (to propel, to beat)*pravъ (straight, right)
    *merti (to deprive, to die)*mьrtvъ (dead)
    *krojiti (to fashion, to cut)*krivъ (curved)
    *sijati (to shine, to shimmer)*sivъ (gray)
    *stojati (to stand)*stojěvъ (who used to be situated, stood)
  3. (Extension) Denominal or deadjectivcal, forming possessive, pertaining or more expressive versions of the original adjective
    Appended to stems in *-ъ, yielding *-ovъ (see there for examples)
    Appended to stems in *-a, yielding *-avъ (see there for examples)
    Appended to stems in *-ь, yielding *-ivъ (see there for examples)
Declension
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Suffix 2

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*-vъ m

  1. Deverbal, forming "factive" action nouns from imperfect verbs
    *grěti (to heat, to shine)*grěvъ (warming, shining)
    *pěti (to sing)*pěvъ (couplet, refrain (of a song))
    *zijati (to gape)*zěvъ (gullet, pharynx)
    *po (on) + *kryti (to hide, to cover)*pokryvъ (roof, ceiling)
    *ryti (to dig)*ryvъ (burst)
  2. Deverbal, forming abstract or collective nouns from verbs
    *glijati (to mix clay and water)*glěvъ (slime)
    *gňiti (to gnaw)*gněvъ (anger)
    possibly *merti (to die)*morvъ (ant) (former i-stem)
    *verti (to turn, to curve)*vьrvь (rope) (i-stem)
    *dьržati (to hold)*dьržava (state) (ā-stem)
    *piti (to drink)*pivo (beverage)
  3. From abstract nouns in *-st-, forms abstract neutral nouns. Equivalent to *-ьstvo (see there for examples)
  4. From causative verbs in *-iti, forms resultant or instrumental neutral nouns. Equivalent to *-ivo (see there for examples)
Declension
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Derived terms
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Descendants
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  • East Slavic:
    • Old East Slavic: -въ (-vŭ)
  • South Slavic:
    • Old Church Slavonic:
      Cyrillic: -въ (-vŭ)
      Glagolitic: -ⰲⱏ (-vŭ)
    • Bulgarian: (-v)
    • Macedonian: (-v)
    • Serbo-Croatian:
      Cyrillic script:
      Latin script: -v
    • Slovene: -v
  • West Slavic:

Etymology 2

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Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *-wōs. Cognate with Lithuanian -us (Etymology 4).

Suffix

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*-vъ

  1. Deverbal, forming past active participles
    *byti (to be)*byvъ (having been)

Declension

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Descendants
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Further reading

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  • Duridunov et al. (1991): "Наставки на -v-" in Граматика на Старобългарския език (in Bulgarian), Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, p. 178
  • J. Halla-aho (2006): "u-stem adjectives" in Problems of Proto-Slavic Historical Nominal Morphology, University of Helsenki, p. 89