Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/badram
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Proto-Turkic
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Several etymologies are proposed, no consensus on the origin;
- Clauson states that this term is 'no doubt an Iranian [loanword]' and gives Persian پدرام (padrâm, “delightsome place”) as an example. He also mentions how Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk claims this word to be a genuine word ('not a loanword'), where it meant yawma'l-ˁīd among Oghuz and Kipchaks.[1] Compare Karakhanid بَذْرَمْ یار (baδram yḗr, “pleasant ground”), a Karakhanid form with Persian meaning preserved, also given by Clauson. Sevortyan argues against Clauson on a Middle Persian loan into Proto-Turkic.[2]
- Nişanyan proposes a borrowing from Middle Persian [script needed] (paδrām, “merriment, peace”) or Sogdian 𐼾𐽂𐽀𐼰𐼺 (ptrʾm /patrām/, “calm, peace”),[3] which in turn would come from Proto-Iranic Proto-Iranian *pati-rāma-, ulltimately a compound of Proto-Indo-European *per- + *h₁rem- and would be a cognate with Sanskrit रमते (ramate); but he does not discard a potential Mongolic origin, from Proto-Mongolic *bayar (“joy”),[4] which would make this term cognate with Mongolian баяр (bajar) instead.
- EDAL puts forth that the Proto-Turkic form is *bayram instead and that it comes from a hypothetical Proto-Turkic *bay-ra- ("to celebrate"), which is not related to *badrak (“flag”). Authors of EDAL denounce a possibility of Iranian borrowing, stating "the only acceptable etymology of [Persian] bajram is [from] Turkic"[2]. This hypothetical *bay-ra- is then compared to Proto-Mongolic *bayar (“joy”), Manchu ᠪᠠᠶᠯᡳ (bayli, “favor, mercy”) and Proto-Japonic *bái-m- (“to smile”), whence Japanese 笑む (emu, “to smile”). Altaic Hypothesis is widely rejected however, and comparisons like these are deemed unreliable.
Lack of Oghur and Arghu reflexes and sparse atttestation in Siberian languages suggest a borrowing from an external source.
Noun
[edit]*badram
Descendants
[edit]- Oghuz:
- Karluk:
- Karakhanid: بَذْرَمْ (baδram, “feast, pleasant, Eid al-Adha”)
- Kipchak:
- Siberian:
References
[edit]- ^ al-Kashgarî, Mahmud (1072–1074) Besim Atalay, transl., Divanü Lûgat-it-Türk Tercümesi [Translation of the “Compendium of the languages of the Turks”] (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 521) (in Turkish), 1985 edition, volume III, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurmu Basımevi, published 1939–1943, page 176
- ^ Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), Moscow, 1974–, pages 35-6
- ^ Gharib, B. (1995) “ptrʾm”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 314
- ^ Nugteren, Hans (2011) Mongolic phonology and the Qinghai-Gansu languages (dissertation)[1], Utrecht: LOT, page 279
- Clauson, Gerard (1972) “badram”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 308
- Eren, Hasan (1999) “bayram”, in Türk Dilinin Etimolojik Sözlüğü [Etymological Dictionary of the Turkish Language] (in Turkish), Ankara: Bizim Büro Basım Evi, page 45
- Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “bayram”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
- Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 54
- Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*bajram/k”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)[3], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill