User:RcAlex36/notes

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Chinese

[edit]

Tones:

Notation Tone category
1 陰平
2 陽平
3 陰上
4 陽上
5 陰去
6 陽去
7 陰入
7A 上陰入
7B 下陰入
8 陽入

「恆」'tight'

[edit]
  • Yue
  • Hakka
    • MacIver (1926) Hên [hen2] "[s]tretched tight, taut" (p. 156), Meixian [hen2], Xingning [hien2], Jiexi (Hepo) [hen2], Wuhua (Shuizhai) [hen2], Hong Kong [hen2], N. Sixian (Miaoli) [hen2], S. Sixian (Neipu, Pingtung) [hen2], Hailu (Zhudong, Hsinchu) [hen2], Dabu (Dongshi, Taichung) [hen2], Raoping (Qionglin, Hsinchu) [hen2], Zhao'an (Lunbei, Yunlin) [an2], Changting [heŋ2], Wuping (Zhongshan) [hɛŋ2], Singkawang [hen2]
    • Huizhou [hiaŋ2], Heyuan [han2]
  • Min Nan
    • PSM *an2 > Quanzhou [an2], Yongchun [an2], Xiamen [an2], Zhangzhou [an2], Zhangping (Yongfu) [an2], Datian [aŋ2], Shantou (Duffus 1883) [an2], Jieyang [aŋ2], Leizhou [aŋ2], Haikou [aŋ2]
  • Puxian Min
    • Putian (Donghai) [eŋ2]

This etymon is consistent with a hypothetical MC pronunciation of 曾開一 平登匣, i.e. homophonous with 恆 (MC hong).

The Zhao'an (Taiwan) Hakka form appears to be a borrowing from Min Nan.

'safe'

[edit]
  • Yue
    • Guangzhou [kap7B man6] (夾萬), Kaiping [kap7B man6*] (/kap33 man325/) “保險櫃“
  • Hakka
    • MacIver (1926) kap vàn [kap7 van5] "a money safe"(p. 217)
    • Huizhou [kap7 man6] ”保險箱，保險櫃“
  • Min Nan
  • Min Dong
    • Fuzhou gák-mâng [kak7 maŋ6] 夾幔 "a money-safe" (Maclay 1870)
  • Min Bei
    • Jian'ou [ka1 maiŋ5] (/ka54 maiŋ33/) 加躉 “木製的錢櫃” (source: 建甌方言詞典)

激 'fast'

[edit]
  • Hakka
    • MacIver (1926) Kiak [kiak7] "[q]uick, fast" (p. 267), Rey (1926) Kiăc [kiak7] "[m]archer vite, s'empresser" (p. 321). Meixian [kiak7], Xingning [kiak7], Xin'an (Basel) kyak6 [kiak7], Jiexi (Hepo) [kiak7] (in [pia1 soi5 kiak7] "賽跑", [pia1] meaning 奔跑), N. Sixian (Miaoli) [kiak7], S. Sixian (Neipu, Pingtung) [kiak7], Hailu (Zhudong, Hsinchu) [kiak7], Dabu (Dongshi, Taichung) [kiak7], Raoping (Qionglin, Hsinchu) [kiak7]

This etymon, written as 遽 in some academic sources, is likely derived from 激 (MC kek, “rapid; intense”), whose MC rime 錫開 can develop into [iak] in the above varieties of Hakka (compare 錫 and 壁 with the same MC rime); c.f. the semantic development of 猛 "vigorous" > "fast" (in Hakka and Min Nan).

嶺?

[edit]
  • Min Nan
    • Xiamen [niã6] “脊背” (Douglas 1877; used in [suã1 niã6] "the shoulder of a hill higher than the intervening part; a swelling hump on the side of a hill", [gu2 niã6] "the hump at a cow's neck", etc.), Zhangzhou [niã6] “脊背”, Shantou (Fielde 1883) [niã4] "[t]he nape or ridge of the neck on an animal" and "[t]he dorsal fin", Jieyang [niã4] “魚類背部的鰭“, Haifeng [niã4] “傷痕”, Leizhou [nia4] “皮膚上被鞭子打後隆起的傷痕”

PSM *niã4 can be reconstructed for this etymon. It is perhaps descended from 嶺 (“mountain”); c.f. 嶺 PSM *niã3 > Xiamen [niã3], Shantou [niã3], Leizhou [nia3].

Douglas (1877) records Zhangzhou suā1 liŋ6 "the sloping shoulder of a hill" (p. 302) and suã1 lioŋ6 "the shoulder of a mountain, rising higher than the connecting ridge" (p. 312). The second syllables of both words are perhaps not related to [niã6], and in particular [lioŋ6] cannot be descended from 嶺. The ioŋ rime in lioŋ6 suggests a MC origin of this morpheme; it is perhaps 壟 (MC ljowngX, “mound”), which is also compatible with liŋ6 as MC 鍾韻 corresponds to Zhangzhou iŋ in some words (c.f. 弓 in 弓鞋 (keng-ê), 龍 in 龍眼 (lêng-kán), 重 (têng), and 湧 (éng)).

事 'to serve, etc.'

[edit]
  • Min Nan
    • PSM *sai6 > Quanzhou [sai5], Xiamen [sai6], Zhangzhou [sai6], Shantou (Fielde 1883) [sai6] 祀 "to offer sacrifices to gods or devils; to set up and worship as a god", Jieyang [sai6], Leizhou [sai1]

This etymon occurs as a standalone word and in some compounds in various varieties of Min Nan. Compare the following etymon, also derived from 事:

  • Min Nan
    • PSM 事 "affair" *tai6 > Quanzhou [tai5], Xiamen [tai6], Zhangzhou [tai6], Datian [tɛ1], Shantou (Duffus 1883) [tai6] (in [bo2 tai6] "unconnected"), Jieyang [tai6]

服事

[edit]
  • Min Nan
    • Quanzhou [hɔk8 sai5], Xiamen [hɔk8 sai6], Zhangzhou [hɔk8 sai6], Shantou (Fielde 1883) [hok8 sɯ4]
  • Yue
  • Hakka
    • McIver (1926) fu̍k sṳ̀ [fuk8 sɨ5] 服事 "to serve, wait on, to attend" (p. 122), Rey (1926) foŭc sé [fuk8 sɨ5] 服事 "servir, aider, soigner" (p. 816)

The Shantou form is literary.

While the second syllable in Min Nan can theoretically be 侍 (MC dzyiH), the second syllables in Yue and Hakka cannot be 侍 as 事 (MC dzriH) and 侍 (MC dzyiH) are not homophones in the above Yue and Hakka varieties.

事 侍
Guangzhou Yue

(19th century)

sz̩6 ʃi6
Kaying Hakka

(1926)

sɨ5 ʃi5

Early Cantonese texts authored by missionaries exclusively use 服事 instead of 服侍. 服侍 is recorded in neither McIver (1926) nor Rey (1926), suggesting 服侍 was not in use in the varieties of Hakka both dictionaries recorded.

熟事

[edit]
  • Min Nan
    • Quanzhou [siak8 sai5], Xiamen [sik8 sai6], Zhangzhou [sik8 sai6], Shantou (Fielde 1883) [sek8 sai6] "not at all diffident; unabashed", Leizhou [siak8 sai1]
  • Hakka
    • N. Sixian (Miaoli) [suk8 sɨ5], S. Sixian (Neipu, Pingtung) [suk8 sɨ5], Hailu (Zhudong, Hsinchu) [ʃuk8 sɨ6], Dabu (Dongshi, Taichung) [suk8 sɨ5], Raoping (Qionglin, Hsinchu) [ʃuk8 sɨ5], Zhao'an (Lunbei, Yunlin) [ʃiu5 su5]
  • Wu
    • Chongming [zoʔ8 zz̩6] 熟視 (崇明方言詞典), Suzhou [zoʔ8 zz̩6] in [zoʔ8 zz̩6 ɲin2] 熟自人 (蘇州方言詞典)
  • Huizhou
    • Jixi [sɤʔ7 zz̩6] 熟事 (績溪方言詞典)

熟事 occurs in both Min Nan and Taiwanese Hakka. The second syllable in Min Nan cannot be 似 since the tone of MC 似 (MC ziX) is shangsheng but the second syllable in Quanzhou has qusheng instead of yangshang (tone 4). While it is possible that the Taiwanese Hakka forms are instead 熟似, it is more likely that the Taiwanese Hakka forms were calqued from Min Nan. McIver (1926) also records [ʃuk8 sɨ5] 熟事 shu̍k sṳ̀ (p. 734), but it is glossed as "well versed in affairs".

杉

[edit]
  • Yue
    • Guangzhou (Williams 1856) [tʃʰam5], Hong Kong [tsʰam5], Nanhai (Shatou) [tsʰam5], Zhongshan (Shiqi) [tsʰam5], Kaiping (Chikan) [tsʰam1], Taishan (Taicheng) [tsʰem1], Lianxian (Qingshui) [tʂʰan5], Yangshan [tsʰam5], Yangjiang [tʃʰam5], Guigang [tsʰom5], Nanning [ʧʰam5]
  • Hakka
    • McIver (1926) Tshám [tsʰam3] (p. 908, Rey (1926) ts'ám [tsʰam5] (p. 1154), Meixian [tsʰam5], Jiexi (Hepo) [tsʰam5], Lufeng (Shaank 1897) [tsʰam5], Wuhua (Shuizhai) [tsʰam5], Xin'an (Basel) [tsʰam5], N. Sixian (Miaoli) [tsʰam5], S. Sixian (Neipu, Pingtung) [tsʰam5], Hailu (Zhudong, Hsinchu) [tsʰam6], Dabu (Dongshi, Taichung) [tsʰam5], Raoping (Qionglin, Hsinchu) [tsʰam3], Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan) [tsʰam3], Wuping (Zhongshan) [tsʰaŋ5], Shanghang (Gutian) [tsʰau5], Shanghang (Lanxi) [tsʰã5]
    • Huizhou [tsʰam5], Heyuan [tsʰam5]

It is unclear if this etymon is related to 杉 (MC sream) (咸開二 平咸生). The palato-alveolar initial in Yue varieties that contrast alveolar and palato-alveolar initials (i.e. 1856 Guangzhou and Lianxian (Qingshui)) reflects MC 徹母, 昌母 or 初母, while the alveolar initial in Hakka varieties that contrast alveolar and palato-alveolar initials reflects MC 徹母 (div. 2), 初母, or 清母. The Yue and Hakka finals are consistent with MC 咸開二, i.e. 咸韻 or 銜韻. This etymon is consistent with a hypothetical MC pronunciation of 咸開二 去鑑初, i.e. homophonous with 懺 (MC tsrhaemH), although an MC 徹母 (div. 2) origin is also theoretically possible. The final of the Taishan (Taicheng) form appears to be irregular (the expected final is am), while the tones of the McIver (1926) and Hailu (Zhudong, Hsinchu) forms are irregular (the expected tone in both cases is 5).

賺 'wrong'

[edit]
  • Min Nan
    • Quanzhou [tã5], Xiamen [tã6], Zhangzhou [tã6], Swatow (Duffus 1883) [tã6], Jieyang [tã6], Cangnan (Lingxi) [tə̃5]
  • Puxian Min
    • Putian (Donghai) [tɔ̃6]
  • Min Dong
    • Fuzhou [taŋ6], Changle [taŋ6], Fuqing [taŋ6], Yongtai [taŋ6], Gutian [taŋ6], Cangnan (Qianku) [dɛ̃6]
  • Wu
    • Ningbo [dzɛ6], Wenling [dzɛ6], Jinhua [dzɑ6], Wenzhou [dza6], Longgang [dzɔ6], Cangnan (Jinxiang) [dzɛ6]

This etymon is consistent with a hypothetical MC pronunciation of 咸開二 平陷澄, i.e. homophonous with 𧸖 (MC dreamH). In 說文新附 by 徐鉉 (916–991), 𧸖, with the fanqie 佇陷切, is glossed as "重買也，錯也。从貝廉聲", while in 宋本玉篇, 𧸖 with the fanqie 徒陷切 is glossed as "錯也，重賣也". This word with the meaning of "to hinder; to affect adversely" is attested in various texts from and after the Song dynasty as 賺 (see Hanyu Da Zidian).

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