User:Tropylium/Proto-Ugric

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Sound correspondendes

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Consonants

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  • C- indicates consonants in word-initial position.
  • -C- indicates consonants in original intervocalic position (in the modern Ugric languages now often word-final).
Single consonants
Proto-Uralic Proto-Ugric? Hungarian example Proto-Mansi †South North Proto-Khanty Vasyugan Kazym
*p f-
-v-
fazék
téved
*p p *p p-
-w-
 p
*t t-
-z-
tél
fazék
*t t, ť 4 t *t t
*k- *[k]- 1 k- kéz *[k]-
*kʷ-
k
*[k]- k
*[q]- 2 h- hal *[q]- q χ *[q]- q χ
*-k- *-ɣ- ∅, -v- néz *-ɣ-, *-w- -w- -ɣ-, -w- *-ɣ- -ɣ- -χ-, -w-
*-x-
s kés ʃ s *č̣ [ʈʂ] ʈʂ ʃ
cs csillog
ɕ ť 4 ɕ
*s ? *s / *θ / *ɬ
(= *s₁)
ín *t t, ť 4 t j-
-l-
ɬ
egér
? *ś / *s
(= *s₂)
sz szárad *s s *s s
(*š́) 3 *š? szëm ʃ s
*m m, v mell *m m *m m
*n n név *n n, ń 4 n *n n
(*ṇ) 3 ny könyök ɳ
ny nyíl ń 4 ń 4
j, v avat *ŋ, *w ŋ, w ŋ
*ŋk g jég *ŋk ŋ, ŋk ŋk, ŋχ *ŋk ŋk, ŋq ŋk, ŋχ
*r r rëpül *r r *r r
*l l, ly lágy *l l, ľ 4 l *l, *ɭ l, ɭ ɬ, ɭ
*d ? *ð / *ɬ l fal l ɬ
(*ľ) 3 ly hályog ľ4 ľ 4 ɬ´4
? *ðʲ / *lʲ / *ɬʲ j, gy hagy *j j
*j j jut *j j *j j
*w v vaj *w w *w-
*-ɣ-
w-

Notes

  1. Before front vowels.
  2. Before back vowels.
  3. Not accepted as originally separate phonemes by all scholars. Possibly instead conditional splits *s > *š in Mansi, *n > *ɳ in Khanty.
  4. Descriptions are inconsistent/unclear on if the consonants written in Finno-Ugric transcription as ‹ť›, ‹ń›, ‹ľ›, ‹ᴧ́› are palatal consonants [c], [ɲ], [ʎ], [ʎ̥˔] or palatalized consonants [tʲ], [nʲ], [lʲ], [ɬʲ].
Homorganic consonant clusters (incl. geminates)
Proto-Uralic Proto-Ugric? Hungarian example Proto-Mansi Proto-Khanty
*pp p apa *p *p
*tt t öt *t *t
*kk k fék *[k], *[q]
*kʷ
*[k], *[q]
*čč *čč? ? *č̣
*ćć *ćć? ?
*mp b hab *mp *mp
*nt d had *nt *nt
*ŋk g hág *ŋk *ŋk
*nč r köröm *nč *ɳč̣
*ńć gy, ngy húgy *ńć *ńć, *s
? *lt lt táltos *lt *lt
? *rt rt dial. mart *rt *rt
Heterorganic consonant clusters
Proto-Uralic Proto-Ugric? Hungarian example Proto-Mansi Proto-Khanty
*pt t hét *t *pət
*kt ? *kt / *ɣt t jut *kt *ɣət
*mt d tud *nt *nt, *mət
*ŋt ld oldal *ńt, *wt *ŋət
*tk ? *tk / *kt / *ɣt t tat *t, *kt *ɣət
*čk sk esküszik *-šəɣ, *-šɣ- *čək
*sk, *šk ? *s₁k / *ks₁ / *ɣs₁ ? (*soske-) *ɣt, *wt, *jt *ɣəɬ
*śk ? *s₂k / *ks₂ / *ɣs₂ s vas *s, *š ? *ɣ
*dk, *ďk ? *d₂ / *d₂ɣ / *ɣd₂ gy, lgy tőgy
hölgy
*j
*lk ? *lɣ / *ɣl l, ll mell *ɣl, *wl *ɣəl
*rk *rɣ r, rr varr *-rəɣ, *-rɣ- *rəɣ
*ps *ps₁ ? (*küpsɜ) *t *pəɬ
*pś *ps₂ ? (*sopśe) *s *pəs
*ks, *kš ? *ks₁ / *ɣs₁ , h máj
méh
*ɣt, *wt, *jt *ɣəɬ, ? ɣ
*kś ? *ks₂ / *ɣs₂ sz ősz *ks, *ɣs, *ws *ɣəs
*ws ? *ws₁ / *ɣs₁ ? (*kowse) *wt
*lj ? *lj / *ľ gy, ly, l négy *l
*lw ? *lw / *lɣ / *l l tél *l *l(əɣ)

Vowels

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The following table gives Proto-Ugric reconstructions according to the most distinctive system available (by Sammallahti).

Proto-Uralic Proto-Ugric? Hungarian example Proto-Mansi †South North Proto-Khanty Vasyugan Kazym
*a-a ? *a-a
 ? *o-a
a fazék *uu *
*a-ə * a
o(lT)
hal
holt
* *oo
*a
o(ː)
ʌ
ɵː
o
*o-a ? *a-a
 ? *o-a
á ház *aa ɑː ɔː *aa ɑ(ː) ɔː
*o-ə * u
ú
[Term?] * *
*ë-a *ë-a a
á
o(lT)
al-
máj
nyolc
*e̮e̮ ʌː, eːĆ *i̮i̮ ɯ(ː) i, eːŋχ
*ë-ə *ë-ə i
í
[Term?]
nyíl
*aa (as above)
*ä-V *ä-V e
é
[Term?]
[Term?]
*ää æː *ee e(ː)
? *ä-∅
ë
[Term?]
ëb
*ää æ(ː)
*e-ä * é fészek * *
*e-ə * [Term?] *i æ, i i *e ɪ a, iĆ
*u-a *ʊ-a †u > o [Term?] *a(Cʷ) ɑ, o o *oo
*o
o(ː)
ʊ
ɵː
a, oCʷ
*ü-ä *ʏ-ä †ü > ö [Term?]
[Term?]

*äCʷ
æ
üCʷ
a
oCʷ
ʏ a
uCʷ
*i-ä *ɪ-ä †i > ë [Term?]
fëlleg
æ, iĆ a *ee
*e
e(ː)
ɪ

a
* * [Term?] * *