بایستن

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See also: پایستن

Persian

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Etymology

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From Middle Persian [Term?] (/⁠abāyistan⁠/), from Proto-Iranian *upa- + *Hai, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *úpa + *Hay-, from Proto-Indo-European *upó (under, below) + *h₁ey- (to go).

Pronunciation

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Readings
Classical reading? bāyistan
Dari reading? bāyistan
Iranian reading? bâyestan
Tajik reading? boyistan

Verb

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Dari بایستن
Iranian Persian
Tajik боистан

بایستن (bâyestan) (present stem بای (bây))

  1. (defective, auxiliary) to be necessary; must, ought

Conjugation

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Only the following conjugations now exist:

  • باید (bâyad, etymologically third-person singular present, literally it is necessary), extremely commonly used as the equivalent to English constructions with "must", "should", "ought to", "have to", etc.
  • می‌باید (mi-bâyad), synonymous to باید (bâyad) but less common
  • بایست (-bâyest, etymologically third-person singular past), usually largely synonymous to باید (bâyad) despite the use of the past stem, but less common and somewhat more polite; more pedantic usage may have this mean "should have", "must have", etc., preserving the past tense
  • می‌بایست (mi-bâyest), synonymous to بایست (bâyest)
  • بایستی (bâyesti, etymologically optative third-person singular past) and می‌بایستی (mi-bâyesti, etymologically optative third-person singular imperfect), both rather archaic and used to express any past necessity without regard for grammatical person

Derived terms

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References

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  • Cheung, Johnny (2007) Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 154-157