常
|
Translingual
[edit]Stroke order | |||
---|---|---|---|
Han character
[edit]常 (Kangxi radical 50, 巾+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 火月口中月 (FBRLB), four-corner 90227, composition ⿱𫩠巾 or ⿱龸吊)
Derived characters
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 333, character 12
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 8955
- Dae Jaweon: page 639, character 13
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 744, character 1
- Unihan data for U+5E38
Chinese
[edit]simp. and trad. |
常 | |
---|---|---|
alternative forms | 㦂 |
Glyph origin
[edit]Old Chinese | |
---|---|
當 | *taːŋ, *taːŋs |
襠 | *taːŋ |
鐺 | *taːŋ, *sʰraːŋ |
簹 | *taːŋ |
璫 | *taːŋ |
檔 | *taːŋ, *taːŋs |
儅 | *taːŋ, *taːŋs |
蟷 | *taːŋ |
擋 | *taːŋʔ, *taːŋs |
黨 | *taːŋʔ, *tʰaːŋʔ |
讜 | *taːŋʔ |
欓 | *taːŋʔ |
譡 | *taːŋs |
闣 | *taːŋs |
瓽 | *taːŋs |
鏜 | *tʰaːŋ |
闛 | *tʰaːŋ, *daːŋ |
鼞 | *tʰaːŋ |
曭 | *tʰaːŋʔ |
儻 | *tʰaːŋʔ, *tʰaːŋs |
戃 | *tʰaːŋʔ |
矘 | *tʰaːŋʔ |
爣 | *tʰaːŋʔ |
攩 | *hl'aːŋʔ, *ɦʷlaːŋʔ, *ɦʷlaːŋs |
淌 | *tʰaːŋʔ |
倘 | *tʰaːŋʔ |
躺 | *tʰaːŋʔ |
趟 | *tʰaːŋs, *rtaːŋ, *rtaːŋs |
堂 | *daːŋ |
坣 | *daːŋ |
棠 | *daːŋ |
糛 | *daːŋ |
螳 | *daːŋ |
隚 | *daːŋ |
橖 | *daːŋ |
掌 | *tjaŋʔ |
廠 | *tʰjaŋʔ, *tʰjaŋs |
敞 | *tʰjaŋʔ |
僘 | *tʰjaŋʔ |
氅 | *tʰjaŋʔ |
常 | *djaŋ |
嘗 | *djaŋ |
裳 | *djaŋ |
徜 | *djaŋ |
尚 | *djaŋ, *djaŋs |
甞 | *djaŋ |
鋿 | *djaŋ |
嫦 | *djaŋ |
償 | *djaŋ, *djaŋs |
賞 | *hjaŋʔ |
瞠 | *rtʰaːŋ |
撐 | *rtʰaːŋ |
樘 | *rtʰaːŋ |
橕 | *rtʰaːŋ |
牚 | *rtʰaːŋs |
埫 | *tʰoŋʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *djaŋ) : phonetic 尚 (OC *djaŋ, *djaŋs) + semantic 巾 (“cloth”).
The character originally referred to "lower garment", before being phonetically borrowed to mean "long-lasting; frequently". The original sense is now represented by the character 裳 (OC *djaŋ, “lower garment”).
Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Sino-Tibetan; perhaps related to Tibetan ཡང (yang, “again, once more”) (Schuessler, 2007).
Pronunciation 1
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): cang2 / sang2
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): song4
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): con1
- Northern Min (KCR): iǒ̤ng
- Eastern Min (BUC): siòng
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6zan
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): shan2
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄔㄤˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: cháng
- Wade–Giles: chʻang2
- Yale: cháng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: charng
- Palladius: чан (čan)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: cang2 / sang2
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: cang / sang
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰaŋ²¹/, /saŋ²¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: soeng4
- Yale: sèuhng
- Cantonese Pinyin: soeng4
- Guangdong Romanization: sêng4
- Sinological IPA (key): /sœːŋ²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: siang3
- Sinological IPA (key): /siaŋ²²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: song4
- Sinological IPA (key): /sɔŋ³⁵/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sòng
- Hakka Romanization System: songˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: song2
- Sinological IPA: /soŋ¹¹/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: con1
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡sʰɒ̃¹¹/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: iǒ̤ng
- Sinological IPA (key): /iɔŋ²¹/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: siòng
- Sinological IPA (key): /suoŋ⁵³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siâng
- Tâi-lô: siâng
- Phofsit Daibuun: siaang
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /siaŋ¹³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siûⁿ
- Tâi-lô: siûnn
- Phofsit Daibuun: sviuu
- IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /siũ²⁴/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /siũ²³/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Tainan)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siôⁿ
- Tâi-lô: siônn
- Phofsit Daibuun: sviooi
- IPA (Tainan): /siɔ̃²⁴/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /siɔ̃¹³/
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: sion5 / siên5 / siang5
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: siôⁿ / siêⁿ / siâng
- Sinological IPA (key): /sĩõ⁵⁵/, /sĩẽ⁵⁵/, /siaŋ⁵⁵/
- sion5/siên5 - vernacular (siên5 - Chaozhou);
- siang5 - literary.
- Dialectal data
Variety | Location | 常 |
---|---|---|
Mandarin | Beijing | /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ³⁵/ |
Harbin | /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ²⁴/ | |
Tianjin | /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁴⁵/ /t͡sʰɑŋ⁴⁵/ | |
Jinan | /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ⁴²/ | |
Qingdao | /tʃʰaŋ⁴²/ | |
Zhengzhou | /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ⁴²/ | |
Xi'an | /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ²⁴/ | |
Xining | /ʈ͡ʂʰɔ̃²⁴/ | |
Yinchuan | /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵³/ | |
Lanzhou | /ʈ͡ʂʰɑ̃⁵³/ | |
Ürümqi | /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ⁵¹/ | |
Wuhan | /t͡sʰaŋ²¹³/ | |
Chengdu | /saŋ³¹/ | |
Guiyang | /saŋ²¹/ | |
Kunming | /ʈ͡ʂʰã̠³¹/ | |
Nanjing | /ʈ͡ʂʰaŋ²⁴/ | |
Hefei | /ʈ͡ʂʰɑ̃⁵⁵/ | |
Jin | Taiyuan | /t͡sʰɒ̃¹¹/ |
Pingyao | /ʈ͡ʂʰɑŋ¹³/ | |
Hohhot | /t͡sʰɑ̃³¹/ | |
Wu | Shanghai | /zɑ̃²³/ |
Suzhou | /zã¹³/ | |
Hangzhou | /d͡zɑŋ²¹³/ | |
Wenzhou | /ji³¹/ | |
Hui | Shexian | /t͡ɕʰia⁴⁴/ |
Tunxi | /t͡ɕiau⁴⁴/ | |
Xiang | Changsha | /ʂan¹³/ |
Xiangtan | /ʂɔn¹²/ | |
Gan | Nanchang | /sɔŋ⁴⁵/ |
Hakka | Meixian | /soŋ¹¹/ |
Taoyuan | /ʃoŋ¹¹/ | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | /sœŋ²¹/ |
Nanning | /t͡sʰœŋ²¹/ | |
Hong Kong | /sœŋ²¹/ | |
Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /siɔŋ³⁵/ |
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /suoŋ⁵³/ | |
Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /iɔŋ²¹/ | |
Shantou (Teochew) | /siaŋ⁵⁵/ /siõ⁵⁵/ | |
Haikou (Hainanese) | /tiaŋ³¹/ /saŋ³¹/ 平時 |
- Middle Chinese: dzyang
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*[d]aŋ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*djaŋ/
Definitions
[edit]常
- normal; general; common
- constant; invariable
- often; frequently
- 鳳姐兒聽了,不覺的眼圈兒又紅了,道:「我得了閒兒,必常來看你。」 [Written Vernacular Chinese, trad.]
- From: Cao Xueqin, Dream of the Red Chamber, mid-18th century CE
- Fèng Jiěr tīng le, bùjiào de yǎnquānr yòu hóng le, dào: “Wǒ dé le xiánr, bì cháng lái kàn nǐ.” [Pinyin]
- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
凤姐儿听了,不觉的眼圈儿又红了,道:「我得了闲儿,必常来看你。」 [Written Vernacular Chinese, simp.]
- (literary) law and order
- (literary) law; rule; regular pattern
- 天行有常,不為堯存,不為桀亡。應之以治則吉,應之以亂則凶。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Xunzi, c. 3rd century BCE
- Tiān xíng yǒu cháng, bù wèi Yáo cún, bù wèi Jié wáng. Yìng zhī yǐ zhì zé jí, yìng zhī yǐ luàn zé xiōng. [Pinyin]
- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
天行有常,不为尧存,不为桀亡。应之以治则吉,应之以乱则凶。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- an ancient unit of length equivalent to two xuns (尋/寻)
- 51st tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "constancy" (𝌸)
- a surname
- 常遇春 ― Cháng Yùchūn ― Chang Yuchun (Ming dynasty general)
Synonyms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]Compounds
[edit]- 一反常態/一反常态 (yīfǎnchángtài)
- 一日無常/一日无常
- 一旦無常/一旦无常
- 三常
- 三綱五常/三纲五常 (sāngāngwǔcháng)
- 不主故常
- 不尋常/不寻常
- 不常 (bùcháng)
- 不比尋常/不比寻常
- 中常 (zhōngcháng)
- 中常侍 (zhōngchángshì)
- 中常委
- 中常會/中常会
- 久常
- 乖常
- 亂天常/乱天常
- 亂常/乱常
- 事無常師/事无常师
- 五常 (wǔcháng)
- 人之常情 (rénzhīchángqíng)
- 人情之常 (rénqíngzhīcháng)
- 人生無常/人生无常
- 何常
- 伯常
- 作輟無常/作辍无常
- 佹常
- 佯常
- 依常
- 倫常/伦常 (lúncháng)
- 倍常
- 兒無常父/儿无常父
- 內常侍/内常侍
- 兵家常事
- 兵無常勢/兵无常势
- 兵無常形/兵无常形
- 典常
- 凡常
- 出乎尋常/出乎寻常
- 出常調/出常调
- 出沒不常/出没不常
- 出没不常
- 出沒無常/出没无常
- 勝常/胜常
- 十常侍 (shíchángshì)
- 十方常住
- 反常 (fǎncháng)
- 反常人格
- 反復不常/反复不常
- 反復無常/反复无常 (fǎnfùwúcháng)
- 反戾天常
- 反覆無常/反覆无常 (fǎnfùwúcháng)
- 古常
- 同常
- 向常
- 喜怒無常/喜怒无常 (xǐnùwúcháng)
- 固常
- 國常/国常
- 圓常/圆常
- 圓常無/圆常无
- 大常
- 太常 (tàicháng)
- 天常 (tiāncháng)
- 太常博士
- 太常妻
- 太常寺 (Tàichángsì)
- 太常雅樂/太常雅乐
- 失常 (shīcháng)
- 奉常
- 如常 (rúcháng)
- 好景不常 (hǎojǐngbùcháng)
- 孟常
- 季常之懼/季常之惧
- 季常癖
- 學無常師/学无常师
- 守分安常
- 守常
- 安常
- 安常履順/安常履顺
- 安常習故/安常习故
- 安常處順/安常处顺
- 安適如常/安适如常
- 官常
- 家常 (jiācháng)
- 家常便飯/家常便饭 (jiāchángbiànfàn)
- 家常茶飯/家常茶饭
- 家常菜 (jiāchángcài)
- 家常裏短/家常里短
- 家常話/家常话
- 家常飯/家常饭 (jiāchángfàn)
- 家無常禮/家无常礼
- 富貴無常/富贵无常
- 專常/专常
- 尋常/寻常 (xúncháng)
- 少常
- 居常
- 常不肯
- 常世
- 常主
- 常久 (chángjiǔ)
- 常乳
- 常事 (chángshì)
- 常人 (chángrén)
- 常令
- 常任 (chángrèn)
- 常伯
- 常位
- 常住 (chángzhù)
- 常住奴
- 常侍 (chángshì)
- 常例 (chánglì)
- 常例錢/常例钱
- 常便
- 常俗
- 常候
- 常俸
- 常倫/常伦
- 常備/常备 (chángbèi)
- 常備不懈/常备不懈
- 常備兵/常备兵 (chángbèibīng)
- 常備兵役/常备兵役
- 常備軍/常备军 (chángbèijūn)
- 常僚
- 常價/常价
- 常儀/常仪
- 常儔/常俦
- 常典
- 常分
- 常刑 (chángxíng)
- 常制
- 常則/常则
- 常則是/常则是
- 常務/常务 (chángwù)
- 常務委員/常务委员 (chángwù wěiyuán)
- 常勝家/常胜家
- 常勝將軍/常胜将军
- 常勝軍/常胜军
- 常勢/常势
- 常十萬/常十万
- 常參/常参
- 常參官/常参官
- 常可
- 常古
- 常名
- 常君
- 常品
- 常員/常员
- 常器
- 常因
- 常在 (chángzài)
- 常均
- 常堅冰/常坚冰
- 常塗/常涂
- 常境
- 常壹
- 常奉
- 常套 (chángtào)
- 常奧/常奥
- 常奴
- 常好
- 常好是
- 常好道
- 常委 (chángwěi)
- 常姓
- 常娥 (Cháng'é)
- 常存
- 常守
- 常安
- 常宗
- 常官
- 常客 (chángkè)
- 常家
- 常宿
- 常寂光土
- 常寐
- 常寧/常宁 (Chángníng)
- 常寵/常宠
- 常尊
- 常尤
- 常局
- 常居
- 常山 (Chángshān)
- 常山舌
- 常山蛇
- 常山蛇勢/常山蛇势
- 常山陣/常山阵
- 常川 (chángchuān)
- 常州 (Chángzhōu)
- 常州學派/常州学派
- 常州畫派/常州画派
- 常州詞派/常州词派
- 常師/常师 (chángshī)
- 常常 (chángcháng)
- 常平 (Chángpíng)
- 常平倉/常平仓
- 常平本錢/常平本钱
- 常平法
- 常平錢/常平钱
- 常平鹽/常平盐
- 常年 (chángnián)
- 常年累月
- 常序
- 常度
- 常庸
- 常式
- 常形
- 常律
- 常徒
- 常從/常从
- 常德 (Chángdé)
- 常心
- 常性 (chángxìng)
- 常恒
- 常情 (chángqíng)
- 常愁
- 常惺惺
- 常態/常态 (chángtài)
- 常態分班/常态分班
- 常態法/常态法
- 常憲/常宪
- 常懷/常怀
- 常戍
- 常所
- 常才
- 常操
- 常故
- 常數/常数 (chángshù)
- 常斷/常断
- 常日
- 常明燈/常明灯
- 常星
- 常春木
- 常春藤 (chángchūnténg)
- 常時/常时 (chángshí)
- 常景 (chángjǐng)
- 常智
- 常暘/常旸
- 常會/常会 (chánghuì)
- 常月
- 常服 (chángfú)
- 常朝
- 常期
- 常材
- 常林歡/常林欢
- 常柄
- 常枲
- 常格
- 常梪
- 常棣 (chángdì)
- 常棣碑
- 常楊/常杨
- 常業/常业
- 常業犯/常业犯
- 常模
- 常檢/常检
- 常正
- 常步
- 常武
- 常歲/常岁
- 常民
- 常沙
- 常法
- 常流
- 常溫/常温 (chángwēn)
- 常準/常准
- 常溫動物/常温动物
- 常溫層/常温层
- 常滿/常满
- 常滿倉/常满仓
- 常滿尊/常满尊
- 常滿燈/常满灯
- 常滿盃/常满杯
- 常然
- 常無有/常无有
- 常燠
- 常爵
- 常物
- 常玩
- 常珍
- 常班
- 常理 (chánglǐ)
- 常理兒/常理儿
- 常生
- 常生子
- 常產/常产
- 常用 (chángyòng)
- 常用對數/常用对数 (chángyòng duìshù)
- 常用詞/常用词 (chángyòngcí)
- 常疾
- 常祀
- 常祥
- 常祭
- 常禁
- 常禮/常礼
- 常禮服/常礼服
- 常科
- 常秩
- 常程
- 常等
- 常節/常节
- 常筭
- 常算
- 常篇
- 常紀/常纪
- 常經/常经
- 常綠林/常绿林
- 常綠植物/常绿植物
- 常綠樹/常绿树 (chánglǜshù)
- 常羊 (chángyáng)
- 常羞
- 常羲
- 常習/常习
- 常聲/常声
- 常職/常职
- 常臣
- 常與/常与
- 常處/常处
- 常行
- 常行兒/常行儿
- 常衡 (chánghéng)
- 常見/常见 (chángjiàn)
- 常規/常规 (chángguī)
- 常規戰爭/常规战争 (chángguī zhànzhēng)
- 常規武器/常规武器 (chángguī wǔqì)
- 常言 (chángyán)
- 常計/常计
- 常設/常设 (chángshè)
- 常試/常试
- 常話/常话
- 常語/常语
- 常課/常课
- 常調/常调
- 常談/常谈
- 常論/常论
- 常識/常识 (chángshí)
- 常譚/常谭
- 常識哲學/常识哲学
- 常識課/常识课
- 常象
- 常賃/常赁
- 常賦/常赋
- 常賞/常赏
- 常賣/常卖
- 常賣舖/常卖铺
- 常起居
- 常足
- 常路
- 常車/常车
- 常軌/常轨 (chángguǐ)
- 常辟
- 常途
- 常道
- 常違/常违
- 常遠/常远
- 常選/常选
- 常郊
- 常量 (chángliàng)
- 常閭/常闾
- 常限
- 常陳/常陈
- 常陰/常阴
- 常陽/常阳
- 常隨/常随
- 常隸/常隶
- 常雨
- 常青 (chángqīng)
- 常音
- 常順/常顺
- 常類/常类
- 常願/常愿
- 常風/常风 (chángfēng)
- 常食 (chángshí)
- 常餼/常饩
- 常饌/常馔
- 常駐/常驻 (chángzhù)
- 常驪/常骊
- 常骨
- 常體/常体
- 平常 (píngcháng)
- 平常人 (píngchángrén)
- 平常人家
- 平常心 (píngchángxīn)
- 年常
- 序常
- 庶常
- 庸常
- 張常臺/张常台 (Zhāngchángtái)
- 往常 (wǎngcháng)
- 往常時/往常时
- 往常間/往常间
- 循常
- 循常習故/循常习故
- 恆常/恒常 (héngcháng)
- 情常
- 慣常/惯常 (guàncháng)
- 扯常
- 拘俗守常
- 拉家常 (lājiācháng)
- 據常/据常
- 改常
- 故常
- 敘家常/叙家常
- 敘常/叙常
- 敗常亂俗/败常乱俗
- 教無常師/教无常师
- 散騎常侍/散骑常侍
- 斷常/断常
- 旂常/旗常
- 旗常
- 日以為常/日以为常
- 日常 (rìcháng)
- 日常時/日常时
- 日常間/日常间
- 昇常/升常
- 時不常/时不常
- 時常/时常 (shícháng)
- 朝常
- 未常
- 棄常/弃常
- 棐常
- 棴常
- 正常 (zhèngcháng)
- 正常化 (zhèngchánghuà)
- 步伐異常/步伐异常
- 殊常
- 每常 (měicháng)
- 每常間/每常间
- 民常
- 泛常
- 泥常
- 泰常
- 流口常談/流口常谈
- 活無常/活无常
- 海州常山
- 無常/无常 (wúcháng)
- 無常鍾/无常钟
- 無常鐘/无常钟
- 照常 (zhàocháng)
- 率以為常/率以为常
- 率常
- 王常
- 玩常
- 玩故習常/玩故习常
- 異乎尋常/异乎寻常 (yìhūxúncháng)
- 異常/异常 (yìcháng)
- 異常行為/异常行为
- 白無常/白无常
- 百常
- 真常
- 知常
- 知足常樂/知足常乐 (zhīzúchánglè)
- 矯常/矫常
- 禍福無常/祸福无常
- 禍福靡常/祸福靡常
- 秉常
- 稀鬆平常/稀松平常
- 積以為常/积以为常
- 積習成常/积习成常
- 積習生常/积习生常
- 笑口常開/笑口常开
- 素常 (sùcháng)
- 經常/经常 (jīngcháng)
- 經常費/经常费
- 綱常/纲常 (gāngcháng)
- 綱常倫紀/纲常伦纪
- 綱常掃地/纲常扫地
- 習以為常/习以为常 (xíyǐwéicháng)
- 習常/习常
- 習故守常/习故守常
- 習為故常/习为故常
- 翻覆無常/翻覆无常
- 老生常談/老生常谈 (lǎoshēngchángtán)
- 老生常譚/老生常谭 (lǎoshēngchángtán)
- 脫離常軌/脱离常轨
- 舂常
- 舊常/旧常
- 良常
- 處常/处常
- 襲常/袭常
- 襲常綴瑣/袭常缀琐
- 話家常/话家常 (huà jiācháng)
- 語常/语常
- 變化無常/变化无常 (biànhuàwúcháng)
- 變古亂常/变古乱常
- 變古易常/变古易常
- 變常/变常
- 變幻無常/变幻无常
- 變故易常/变故易常
- 貴常/贵常
- 貴無常尊/贵无常尊
- 貴賤無常/贵贱无常
- 走無常/走无常
- 超常 (chāocháng)
- 趁常
- 越常
- 踏故習常/踏故习常
- 蹈常習故/蹈常习故
- 蹈常襲故/蹈常袭故 (dǎochángxígù)
- 蹈故習常/蹈故习常
- 蹈襲故常/蹈袭故常 (dǎoxígùcháng)
- 載常/载常
- 逆常
- 逆道亂常/逆道乱常
- 連常/连常
- 通常 (tōngcháng)
- 進退有常/进退有常
- 違常/违常 (wéicháng)
- 逾常
- 達常/达常
- 邁越常流/迈越常流
- 邏輯常項/逻辑常项
- 鎮常/镇常
- 閒常/闲常 (xiáncháng)
- 閑常/闲常 (xiáncháng)
- 閒話家常/闲话家常
- 隨常/随常 (suícháng)
- 雄常
- 雒常
- 非同尋常/非同寻常
- 非常 (fēicháng)
- 非常上訴/非常上诉
- 非常之事
- 非常之人
- 非常之功
- 非常審判/非常审判
- 非常時期/非常时期 (fēicháng shíqī)
- 非常總統/非常总统
- 非比尋常/非比寻常
- 靠常
- 靡常
- 頃常/顷常
- 順常/顺常
- 頒常/颁常
- 風月常新/风月常新
- 魂常
- 龍常/龙常
Pronunciation 2
[edit]Definitions
[edit]常
- (Southern Min) Only used in 常在.
Pronunciation 3
[edit]simp. and trad. |
常 | |
---|---|---|
alternative forms | 荍/荞 |
- Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): siô
Definitions
[edit]常
Compounds
[edit]References
[edit]- “常”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A01175
- “Query for 常”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (overall work in Hokkien and Mandarin), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2023.
Japanese
[edit]
Kanji
[edit]Readings
[edit]- Go-on: じょう (jō, Jōyō)←じやう (zyau, historical)
- Kan-on: しょう (shō)←しやう (syau, historical)
- Kun: きだ (kida, 常); つね (tsune, 常, Jōyō); とこ (toko, 常, Jōyō); とことわ (tokotowa, 常); とわ (towa, 常)
- Nanori: つら (tsura); とき (toki); ときわ (tokiwa)←ときは (tokifa, historical); のぶ (nobu); ひ (hi); ひさ (hisa); ひさし (hisashi); ひた (hita)
Compounds
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
常 |
じょう Grade: 5 |
on’yomi |
/d͡ʑau/ → /d͡ʑɔː/ → /d͡ʑoː/
From Middle Chinese 常 (MC dzyang).
Pronunciation
[edit]Adverb
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]- 常温 (jōon)
- 常軌 (jōki)
- 常時 (jōji)
- 常識 (jōshiki)
- 常州 (Jōshū)
- 常習 (jōshū)
- 常人 (jōjin), 常人 (jōnin)
- 常体 (jōtai)
- 常態 (jōtai)
- 常任 (jōnin)
- 常磐 (Jōban)
- 常備 (jōbi)
- 常務 (jōmu)
- 常夜 (jōya)
- 常用 (jōyō)
- 常緑 (jōryoku)
- 異常 (ijō)
- 経常 (keijō)
- 恒常 (kōjō)
- 綱常 (kōjō)
- 五常 (gojō)
- 尋常 (jinjō)
- 正常 (seijō)
- 通常 (tsūjō)
- 日常 (nichijō)
- 非常 (hijō)
- 平常 (heijō)
- 無常 (mujō)
Noun
[edit]- a traditional Japanese unit of length, equal to one 丈 (jō, roughly three meters) and three 尺 (shaku, roughly one foot or thirty centimeters)
Etymology 2
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
常 |
きだ Grade: 5 |
kun’yomi |
*⟨ki1da⟩ → */kʲida/ → /kida/
First attested in the Kojiki (712 CE).
Cognate with root kiza in 刻む (kizamu, “to mince; to slice; to cut a thing into pieces; to groove, to nick, to notch”).[1]
Also sometimes read as kita.
Alternative forms
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]- (obsolete) a traditional Japanese unit of measure for the length of cut cloth, equal to one 丈 (jō, roughly three meters) and three 尺 (shaku, roughly one foot or thirty centimeters)
- (obsolete) a traditional Japanese unit of measure for the area of an agricultural field or paddy, equal to either 360 歩 (bu, around 1190 square meters), later reduced to 300 歩 (bu)/坪 (tsubo, almost 992 square meters)
- Synonym: 段 (tan)
Counter
[edit]- counter for cuts or strips of something
Etymology 3
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
常 |
つね Grade: 5 |
kun’yomi |
/tune/ → /t͡sune/
From Old Japanese. Appears in the Man'yōshū, compiled around 759 CE.[1] May be cognate with 綱 (tsuna, “thick rope; binding”), with underlying ideas of "connection, continuance".
Alternative forms
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Adjective
[edit]常 • (tsune) -na (adnominal 常な (tsune na), adverbial 常に (tsune ni))
Usage notes
[edit]This appears as an adjective in older texts with the classical attributive form tsune naru. When used attributively in modern Japanese, this term is used with the particle の (no) instead:
- 常の人
- tsune no hito
- everyday people, regular people
Modern Japanese does still use this term as an adverb, with particle に (ni):
- このカメラは常にオンになっている。
- Kono kamera wa tsune ni on ni natte iru.
- This camera is always on.
- あの会社はサービスが常に悪い。
- Ano kaisha wa sābisu ga tsune ni warui.
- That company has consistently bad service.
Derived terms
[edit]Noun
[edit]- constancy, continuance
- the ordinary, the everyday
Etymology 4
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
常 |
とこ Grade: 5 |
kun’yomi |
⟨to2ko2⟩ → */təkə/ → /toko/
From Old Japanese. Possibly cognate with 時 (toki, “time”).
The way the term is used in the historical record suggests that this was originally a noun. By the time of written Japanese, however, this term only appears in compounds, never on its own, and its usage is more as an adjective to modify other nouns.
Pronunciation
[edit]Prefix
[edit]Usage notes
[edit]Only used in compounds. Attaches to nouns and other nominals, often (but not always) with the now-obsolete possessive particle つ (tsu).
- 常つ御門、常夏、常とわ
- toko tsu mikado, tokonatsu, tokotowa
- the eternal palace, eternal summer, eternal permanence [→ eternity]
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 5
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
常 |
とことわ Grade: 5 |
kun’yomi |
/tokotoba/ → /tokotowa/
From Old Japanese. Read as tokotoba until the Heian period.[1][2]
Appears to be originally a compound of 常 (toko, “eternal”, see above) + とわ (towa, “permanence, unchangingness”, from earlier とば toba).
This latter element is of unclear derivation. Some sources[1] indicate that towa as an independent term arose as a contraction of earlier tokotoba, suggesting the possibility that toba was initially a compound of particles と (to, adverbial particle) + は (wa, formerly ba, even earlier pa; topic particle). However, other sources[4] describe tokotowa as an intensified or emphatic form of towa.
Alternative forms
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]- (Tokyo) とことわ [tòkótówá] (Heiban – [0])[4]
- (Tokyo) とことわ [tòkótóꜜwà] (Nakadaka – [3])[4]
- IPA(key): [to̞ko̞to̞ɰᵝa̠]
Adjective
[edit]常 • (tokotowa) ←とことは (tokotofa)?-na (adnominal 常な (tokotowa na), adverbial 常に (tokotowa ni))
- (archaic, rare) permanent, eternal
- Synonym: 常しえ (tokoshie)
- (archaic, rare) usual, ordinary
- Synonym: 常 (tsune)
Usage notes
[edit]Listed in dictionaries[1][2][5] as a 形容動詞 (keiyō dōshi, “-na adjective”). However, actual usage suggests that this was only used with particle に (ni) as an adverb, and never with particle な (na) or classical なる (naru) as an adjective. When this appears attributively, it is followed by particle の (no),[4] the usual construction when using a noun to modify another noun.
Noun
[edit]常 • (tokotowa) ←とことは (tokotofa)?
- (archaic, rare) permanence, eternity
- Synonym: 常しえ (tokoshie)
Etymology 6
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
常 |
とわ Grade: 5 |
kun’yomi |
For pronunciation and definitions of 常 – see the following entry. | ||
| ||
(This term, 常, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) |
References
[edit]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
Korean
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Middle Chinese 常 (MC dzyang).
Hanja
[edit]常 (eumhun 떳떳할 상 (tteottteothal sang))
常 (eumhun 항상 상 (hangsang sang))
- Hanja form? of 상 (“honorable; righteous; upright; dignified”).
- Hanja form? of 상 (“eternal; everlasting”).
- Hanja form? of 상 (“constant; frequent”).
Compounds
[edit]- 상객 (常客, sanggaek)
- 상궤 (常軌, sanggwe)
- 상규 (常規, sanggyu)
- 상도 (常道, sangdo)
- 상례 (常例, sangnye)
- 상례 (常禮, sangnye)
- 상리 (常理, sangni)
- 상무 (常務, sangmu)
- 상민 (常民, sangmin)
- 상반 (常班, sangban)
- 상복 (常服, sangbok)
- 상비 (常備, sangbi)
- 상설 (常設, sangseol)
- 상수 (常數, sangsu)
- 상습 (常習, sangseup)
- 상시 (常時, sangsi)
- 상식 (常識, sangsik)
- 상식 (常食, sangsik)
- 상임 (常任, sang'im)
- 상정 (常情, sangjeong)
- 상존 (常存, sangjon)
- 상주 (常住, sangju)
- 상태 (常態, sangtae)
- 상투 (常套, sangtu)
- 강상 (綱常, gangsang)
- 경상 (經常, gyeongsang)
- 괴상 (乖常, goesang)
- 기상 (旂常, gisang)
- 무상 (無常, musang)
- 반상 (班常, bansang)
- 비상 (非常, bisang)
- 심상 (尋常, simsang)
- 오상 (五常, osang)
- 윤상 (倫常, yunsang)
- 이상 (異常, isang)
- 일상 (日常, ilsang)
- 정상 (定常, jeongsang)
- 정상 (正常, jeongsang)
- 통상 (通常, tongsang)
- 평상 (平常, pyeongsang)
- 항상 (恒常, hangsang)
- 상록수 (常綠樹, sangnoksu)
References
[edit]- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [2]
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]常: Hán Việt readings: thường (
常: Nôm readings: thường[1][2][3][4][6], sàn[7]
Compounds
[edit]- 常用 (thường dụng)
- 常常 (thường thường)
- 常川 (thường xuyên)
- 不常 (bất thường)
- 異常 (dị thường)
- 非常 (phi thường)
- 失常 (thất thường)
- 通常 (thông thường)
- 無常 (vô thường)
References
[edit]- CJK Unified Ideographs block
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- Japanese kanji with nanori reading とき
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- Japanese kanji with nanori reading のぶ
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