Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/brūkaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰruHg- (“to make use of”). Cognate with Latin fruor (“enjoy”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈbruː.kɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*brūkaną

1. to make use of, employ, use, consume

   Synonym: *neutaną

Inflection

Conjugation of *brūkaną (weak suffixless)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*brūkō	*brūkaų	—	*brūkai	?
2nd singular	*brūkizi	*brūkaiz	*brūk	*brūkazai	*brūkaizau
3rd singular	*brūkidi	*brūkai	*brūkadau	*brūkadai	*brūkaidau
1st dual	*brūkōz	*brūkaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*brūkadiz	*brūkaidiz	*brūkadiz	—	—
1st plural	*brūkamaz	*brūkaim	—	*brūkandai	*brūkaindau
2nd plural	*brūkid	*brūkaid	*brūkid	*brūkandai	*brūkaindau
3rd plural	*brūkandi	*brūkain	*brūkandau	*brūkandai	*brūkaindau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*brūhtǭ	*brūhtēdį̄
2nd singular	*brūhtēz	*brūhtēdīz
3rd singular	*brūhtē	*brūhtēdī
1st dual	*brūhtēdū	*brūhtēdīw
2nd dual	*brūhtēdudiz	*brūhtēdīdiz
1st plural	*brūhtēdum	*brūhtēdīm
2nd plural	*brūhtēdud	*brūhtēdīd
3rd plural	*brūhtēdun	*brūhtēdīn
	present	past
participles	*brūkandz	*brūhtaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *brūkan
  • Old English: brūcan
    • Middle English: brouken
      • English: brook
      • Scots: brook, brouk
  • Old Frisian: brūka
    • North Frisian: bruwcken
    • Saterland Frisian: bruke
    • West Frisian: brûke
  • Old Saxon: brūkan
    • Middle Low German: brûken
      • Low German: bruken
      • → Danish: bruge
      • → Icelandic: brúka
      • → Faroese: brúka
      • → Norwegian Bokmål: bruke
      • → Norwegian Nynorsk: bruke
      • → Swedish: bruka
        • → Finnish: ruukata
  • Old Dutch: *brūkan
    • Middle Dutch: bruken
      • Dutch: bruiken (archaic)
      • Limburgish: broeke
  • Old High German: brūhhan
    • Middle High German: brūchen
      • Alemannic German: bruuche
      • Central Franconian: bruche, brauche
        • Luxembourgish: brauchen
      • German: brauchen
      • Mòcheno: prauchen
• Gothic: 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 (brūkjan)