Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/na-ŋ

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This Proto-Sino-Tibetan entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Sino-Tibetan

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Etymology

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  • Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *njaɣ (Coblin, 1986)
    • Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *na-ŋ (Matisoff, STEDT); *naŋ ⪤ **na (LaPolla, 1987)

Compare Old Japanese ( (na, you)), Middle Korean (neo, “you”).

Pronoun

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*na-ŋ

  1. you (second-person singular pronoun)

Descendants

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  • Old Chinese:
    , /*naʔ/ (B-S); /*njaʔ/ (ZS) ("you (sg.)")
    (*nɯːʔ) /*nˤəʔ/ (B-S); /*nɯːʔ/ (ZS) ("your (sg.)")
    (*njelʔ) /*neʔ/ (B-S); /*njelʔ/ (ZS) ("you (sg. & pl.)")
    (*njɯ) /*nə/ (B-S); /*njɯ/ (ZS) ("you, your")
    (*nɯʔ) /*nɯʔ/ (ZS) ("you") (colloquial variant)
    (*njuŋ) /*nuŋ/ (B-S); /*njuŋ/ (ZS) ("you")
    /*nak/ (B-S); /*njaɡ/ (ZS) ("you")
    • Middle Chinese: , (ȵɨʌX), (nʌiX), (ȵiᴇX), (ȵɨ), (ɳɨX), (ȵɨuŋ), (ȵɨɐk)
      (All of these survive as readings in compounds or in literary texts in modern dialects. Listed below are the colloquial words for "you" which are ultimately from this PST etymon.)
      • Modern Mandarin
        • Beijing: () (, /ni²¹⁴/) ("you, thou")
      • Cantonese
        • Guangzhou: (nei5) /nei¹³/ ("you, thou")
      • Wu
        • Shanghai: (6non) /nʊ̆ŋ²³/ ("you, thou")
    • Min
      • Min Nan
        • Taiwan: , /li⁵¹/ ("you")
  • Kamarupan
    • Proto-Kuki-Chin: *naŋ
      • Central Chin
      • Khomic
  • Tangut-Qiang
  • Jingpho-Asakian
    • Jingpho
      • Jingpho [Kachin]: nang (you)
  • Lolo-Burmese-Naxi
    • Lolo-Burmese
      /*naŋ¹/ ("2nd person pronoun")
      • Burmish
        • Mranmaic
          • Burmese: နင် (nang, you (intimate, impolite)), နင့် (nang., your; you (intimate, impolite)), ညည်း (nyany:, you (used among women))
        • Northern Burmic
      • Loloish
        /*naŋ¹/ (Bradley, 1979)
        • Northern Loloish
          • Yi (Liangshan): (ne, you (sg.)), (nop, you (pl.))
        • Central Loloish
      • Naic
  • Karenic:

See also

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  • *ŋa (I (first-person singular pronoun))