Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/žaliti

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From an earlier žěliti, an intensive variant of Proto-Slavic *želěti. Formed as *žalь (“grief, sorrow”) +‎ *-iti, continuing pre-Slavic *gʷēlH- +‎ *-yéti.

Verb

*žaliti impf (perfective *žalovati)

1. to grieve, to feel sorrow
2. to pity

Conjugation

Conjugation of *žaliti, *žali, *žalitь (impf., -i-, s-aorist, accent paradigm ?)

Suffix: *-iti
― iterative (*nositi⇐*nesti)
― causative (*pojiti⇐*piti)
― ...

Verbal noun	Infinitive	Supine	L-participle
*žaľenьje	*žaliti	*žalitъ	*žalilъ

	Participles
Tense	Past	Present
Passive	*žaľenъ	*žalimъ
Active	*žaľь	*žalę

	Aorist			Present
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*žalixъ	*žali	*žali	*žaľǫ	*žališi	*žalitь
Dual	*žalixově	*žalista	*žaliste	*žalivě	*žalita	*žalite
Plural	*žalixomъ	*žaliste	*žališę	*žalimъ	*žalite	*žalętь
	Imperfect			Imperative
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*žaľaaxъ	*žaľaaše	*žaľaaše	—	*žali	*žali
Dual	*žaľaaxově	*žaľaašeta	*žaľaašete	*žalivě	*žalita	—
Plural	*žaľaaxomъ	*žaľaašete	*žaľaaxǫ	*žalimъ	*žalite	—

Notes:
• (*)*žalivъ is a later doublet of the past active participle

Related terms

Proto-Slavic terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *gʷelH-‎ (0 c, 8 e)

Derived terms

• *sъžaliti (“to repent”)
• *požaliti (“to pity”)
• *orzžaliti (“to bust, to degrade”)
• *dožaliti (“to pity”)
• *ožaliti (“to feel sorrow”)
• *zažaliti (“to express sorrow”)
• *nažaliti (“to regret”)
• *peržaliti (“to get over (s.t.), to recover (from loss)”)
• *žalьnъ (“pitiful”)
• *žalъkъ (“miserable, abject”)
• *žalevьnъ (“sorrowful, distressed”)
• *žalьnikъ m (“wretch”)
• *žalьnica f (“wretch”)
• *žalostь (“remorse, pity”)
• *žalьba (“complaint”)
• *žalь (“grief, burial monument”)

Descendants

• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic: жалити (žaliti)
  • Bulgarian: жаля (žalja)
  • Macedonian: жали (žali)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: жа̏лити

    Latin script: žȁliti

  • Slovene: žalīti (tonal orthography)
• West Slavic:
  • Polish: żalić
• Non-Slavic:
  • → Romanian: jeli

Further reading

• Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1971), “жал”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 1 (А – З), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 522