User:Mårtensås/grammar

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Proto-Norse grammar

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Legend

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  • C = consonant
  • V = vowel
  • * = reconstructed
  • Tr = transitional, post-Classic

Nominals

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Nouns

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a-stems

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Masculine
Singular Plural
Nominative -aʀ[1], -ʀTr[2] *-ōʀ
Accusative -a[3] *-an, -aTr[4]
Dative -ē[5] *-umaʀ, -umʀTr[6]
Genitive -as[7] *-ō
  1. ^ ᚠᚱᚨᚹᚨᚱᚨᛞᚨᛉ (frawaradaʀ), ᚦᛖᚹᚨᛉ (þewaʀ), ᚨᛁᚦᚨᛚᚨᛏᚨᛉ (aiþalataʀ), ᚹᛁᚹᚨᛉ (wiwaʀ), ᚹᛁᛞᚢᚺᚢᛞᚨᛉ (widuhudaʀ), ᚺᚨᚱᚨᛒᚨᚾᚨᛉ (harabanaʀ), ᚺᚨᚱᚲᛁᛚᚨᛉ (harkilaʀ), ᚺᚨᚷᛁᚱᚨᛞᚨᛉ (hagiradaʀ), ᚺᚨᛚᚨᛉ (halaʀ), ᚺᚨᛞᚢᛚᚨᛁᚲᚨᛉ (hadulaikaʀ), ᚺᚱᚨᛉᚨᛉ (hraʀaʀ), ᚺᚱᛟᛉᚨᛉ (hroʀaʀ), ᚺᛖᛚᛞᚨᛉ (heldaʀ), ᛊᛏᚨᛁᚾᚨᛉ (stainaʀ), ᛖᚱᚨᚠᚨᛉ (erafaʀ), ᛖᚱᛁᛚᚨᛉ (erilaʀ), ᛗᚨᚱᛁᚦᛖᚢᛒᚨᛉ (mariþeubaʀ), ᛚᚨᚢᚲᚨᛉ (laukaʀ), ᛚᛖᚢᚷᚨᛉ (leugaʀ), ᛟᚹᛚᚦᚢᚦᛖᚹᚨᛉ (owlþuþewaʀ)
  2. ^ ᚺᛡᚦᚢᚹᚢᛚᚨᚠᛉ (hᴀþuwulafʀ)Tr, ᚺᛡᚦᚢᚹᛟᛚᛡᚠᛦ (hᴀþuwolᴀfʀ)Tr, ᚺᛡᚱᛁᚹᛟᛚᛡᚠᛦ (hᴀriwolᴀfʀ)Tr
  3. ^ ᚨᛉᛁᚾᚨ (aʀina) ᛊᛏᚨᛁᚾᚨ (staina), ᚺᛡᚦᚢᚹᛟᛚᛡᚠᛡ (hᴀþuwolᴀfᴀ)Tr, ᚺᛡᚱᛁᚹᚢᛚᚨᚠᚨ (hᴀriwulafa)Tr
  4. ^ ᛋᛏᛡᛒᛡ (stᴀbᴀ)Tr
  5. ^ ᚹᚨᚷᛖ (wage), ᚹᛟᛞᚢᚱᛁᛞᛖ (woduride)
  6. ^ ᚺᚨᚷᛖᛋᛏᚢᛗᛦ (hagestumʀ)Tr, ᚺᛡᛒᛟᚱᚢᛗᛦ (hᴀborumʀ)Tr
  7. ^ ᚨᛊᚢᚷᛁᛊᚨᛚᚨᛊ (asugisalas), ᚲᛖᛚᛒᚨᚦᛖᚹᚨᛊ (kelbaþewas), ᚺᚾᚨᛒᚢᛞᚨᛊ (hnabudas)
Neuter
Singular Plural
Nominative -a[1] *-u
Accusative -a[2] *-u
Dative *-ē *-umaʀ
Genitive *-as *-ō
  1. ^ ᚺᛚᚨᛁᚹᚨ (hlaiwa), ᛚᛁᚾᚨ (lina)
  2. ^ ᚺᛟᚱᚾᚨ (horna)
ja-stems
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Masculine
Singular Plural
Nominative -jaʀ[1], (after long root) -īʀ[2] *-jōʀ
Accusative *-ja *-jan
Dative *-jē *-jumaʀ
Genitive *-jas *-jō
  1. ^ ᚱᚨᚢᚾᛁᛃᚨᛉ (raunijaʀ), ᚺᛟᛚᛏᛁᛃᚨᛉ (holtijaʀ), ᛊᛏᚨᛁᚾᚨᚹᚨᚱᛁᛃᚨᛉ (stainawarijaʀ), ᛒᛁᛞᚨᚹᚨᚱᛁᛃᚨᛉ (bidawarijaʀ), ᛚᚨᛞᚨᚹᚨᚱᛁᛃᚨᛉ (ladawarijaʀ)
  2. ^ ᚺᚱᛟᛉᛖᛉ (hroʀeʀ), ᚺᛡᛖᚱᚢᚹᚢᛚᚨᚠᛁᛉ (hᴀeruwulafiʀ)Tr
Neuter
Singular Plural
Nominative *-ja *-ju
Accusative -ja *-ju
Dative *-jē *-jumaʀ
Genitive *-jas *-jō

i-stems

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Masculine
Singular Plural
Nominative -iʀ[1] *-īʀ
Accusative *-i *-in
Dative *-ī *-jumaʀ
Genitive ? *-jō
  1. ^ ᚨᛊᚢᚷᚨᛊᛞᛁᛉ (asugasdiʀ), ᚹᚨᚷᚨᚷᚨᛊᛏᛁᛉ (wagagastiʀ), ᚹᛁᚾᛁᛉ (winiʀ), ᚹᛁᛞᚢᚷᚨᛊᛏᛁᛉ (widugastiʀ), ᚺᛚᛖᚹᚨᚷᚨᛊᛏᛁᛉ (hlewagastiʀ), ᚾᚨᚢᛞᛁᚷᚨᛊᛏᛁᛉ (naudigastiʀ), ᛊᚨᛚᛁᚷᚨᛊᛏᛁᛉ (saligastiʀ)

an-stems

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Masculine
Singular Plural
Nominative -ā[1] *-anōʀ
Accusative *-an *-anō
Dative -an[2] *-anumaʀ
Genitive -an[3] *-anō
  1. ^ ᛟᛏᚨ (ota)
  2. ^ ᚹᛁᛏᚨᛞᚨᚺᚨᛚᚨᛁᛒᚨᚾ (witadahalaiban)
  3. ^ ᚱᚨᛇᚺᚨᚾ (raïhan)
jan-stems
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Masculine
Singular Plural
Nominative -jā[1] *-janōʀ
Accusative *-jan *-janō
Dative *-jan *-janumaʀ
Genitive *-jan -janō[2]
  1. ^ ᚷᚢᛞᛁᛃᚨ (gudija)
  2. ^ ᚨᚱᛒᛁᛃᚨᚾᛟ (arbijano)

ōn-stems

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jōn-stems
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ō-stems

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Feminine
Singular Plural
Nominative -u[1] *-ōʀ
Accusative -ō[2] -ōʀ[3], -aʀTr[4]
Dative *-ū *-umaʀ
Genitive -ōʀ[5] *-ō, -aTr[6]
  1. ^ ᛚᚨᚦᚢ (laþu)
  2. ^ ᛚᚨᚦᛟ (laþo), ᚱᚢᚾᛟ (runo)
  3. ^ ᚱᚢᚾᛟᛉ (runoʀ), ᚷᛁᚾᛟᚱᛟᚾᛟᛦ (ginoronoʀ)Tr
  4. ^ ᚱᚢᚾᛡᛉ (runᴀʀ)Tr, ᚷᛁᚾᛡᚱᚢᚾᛡᛉ (ginᴀrunᴀʀ)Tr
  5. ^ ᚾᚨᛒᛟᛉ (naboʀ)
  6. ^ ᚢᚦᛡᚱᛡᛒᛡ (uþᴀrᴀbᴀ)Tr

u-stems

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Masculine
Singular Plural
Nominative *-uʀ *-iwʀ
Accusative -u[1] *-un
Dative -iw[2] *-umaʀ
Genitive -ōʀ[3] *-iwō
  1. ^ ᛗᚨᚷᚢ (magu)
  2. ^ ᚲᚢᚾᛁᛗᚢᛞᛁᚢ (kunimudiu)
  3. ^ ᛗᚨᚷᛟᛉ (magoʀ)

Pronouns

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personal pronouns
first second third
singular dual plural singular dual plural singular plural
nominative eka[1], ek[2], -ka[3] *wit wīʀ *þū *jit *jīʀ *hānaʀ (see below)  *þaiʀ (see below)
accusative *mik *unkaʀ *uns *þik *inkwaʀ *iðwiʀ *hāninō *þã
genitive *mīna *unkara *unsara *þīna *inkwara *iðwara *hānas *þaiʀō
dative mēʀ[4] *unkaʀ *uns *þēʀ *inkwaʀ *iðwiʀ *hānumʀ *þaimaʀ
  1. ^ ᛖᚴᛡ (ekᴀ)Tr
  2. ^ ᛖᚲ (ek)
  3. ^ -ᚴᛡ (-kᴀ)Tr
  4. ^ ᛗᛖᛉ (meʀ)
demonstrative pronoun
masculine feminine neuter
singular plural singular plural singular plural
nominative sa[1], saʀTr[2] *þaiʀ *sō *þaijōʀ, þaiaʀTr[3] þat *þau[n]
accusative *þanō *þã *þō *þaijōʀ þat[4] *þau[n]
genitive *þas *þaiʀō *þaiʀōʀ *þaiʀō *þas *þaiʀō
dative *þaimaʀ *þaimaʀ *þaiʀē *þaimaʀ *þwī *þaimaʀ
  1. ^ ᛋᛡ (sᴀ)Tr
  2. ^ ᛋᛡᛦ (sᴀʀ)Tr
  3. ^ ᚦᛡᛁᛡᛉ (þᴀiᴀʀ)Tr
  4. ^ ᚦᚨᛏ (þat), ᚦᛡᛏ (þᴀt)Tr

Adjectives

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Adjective classes are named after the stem used in the masculine nominative singular.

a-stem adjectives
masculine feminine neuter
singular plural singular plural singular plural
nominative *-aʀ *-ēʀ -u[1] *-ōʀ *-at *-u
accusative *-anō, -inō[2] *-an -ō[3] *-ōʀ *-at *-u
genitive -as[4] *-aʀō *-aʀōʀ *-aʀō *-as *-aʀō
dative *-umaʀ *-umaʀ *-aʀē *-umaʀ *-ū *-umaʀ
  1. ^ ᛚᛖᚢᛒᚢ (leubu), ᛗᛁᚾᚢ (minu)
  2. ^ ᛗᛁᚾᛁᚾᛟ (minino)
  3. ^ ᚱᚨᚷᛁᚾᚨᚲᚢᛞᛟ (raginakudo)
  4. ^ ᛗᛁᚾᚨᛊ (minas)

Verbs

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Strong verbs

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In order to illustrate ablaut relations without misrepresenting the corpus, roots are expressed in the format CVC.

Strong class 1
infinitive *CīC-an
present participle *CīC-andʀ
past participle *CiC-inaʀ
indicative present past
1st singular CīC-u[1] CaiC-a[2]
2nd singular *CīC-iʀ(i) *CaiC-t
3rd singular *CīC-iþ(i) CaiC[3]
1st plural *CīC-um CiC-um[4]
2nd plural ? *CiC-ud
3rd plural ? *CiC-un
subjunctive present past
1st singular *CīC-ō *CiC-ī
2nd singular *CīC-ēʀ *CiC-īʀ
3rd singular *CīC-ē *CiC-ī
1st plural *CīC-ēm *CiC-īm
2nd plural *CīC-ēd *CiC-īd
3rd plural *CīC-ēn *CiC-īn
imperative present
2nd singular *CīC
2nd plural *CīC-id
  1. ^ ᚹᚨᚱᛁᛏᚢ (waritu)
  2. ^ ᚹᚱᚨᛁᛏᚨ (wraita)
  3. ^ ᚹᚨᚱᛡᛁᛏ (warᴀit)Tr
  4. ^ ᚹᚱᛁᛏᚢᛗ (writum)
Strong class 2
infinitive *CeuC-an
present participle *CeuC-andʀ
past participle *CoC-inaʀ
indicative present past
1st singular *CeuC-u *CauC-a
2nd singular *CiuC-iʀ(i), CȳC-ʀTr[1] *CauC-t
3rd singular CiuC-iþ(i)[2], CȳC-ʀTr[1] (from the 2nd singular) *CauC
1st plural *CeuC-um *CuC-um
2nd plural ? *CuC-ud
3rd plural ? *CuC-un
subjunctive present past
1st singular *CeuC-ō *CuC-ī
2nd singular *CeuC-ēʀ *CuC-īʀ
3rd singular *CeuC-ē *CuC-ī
1st plural *CeuC-ēm *CuC-īm
2nd plural *CeuC-ēd *CuC-īd
3rd plural *CeuC-ēn *CuC-īn
imperative present
2nd singular *CeuC
2nd plural *CiuC-id
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 ᛒᛡᚱᚢᛏᛉ (bᴀrutʀ)Tr
  2. ^ ᛒᛡᚱᛁᚢᛏᛁᚦ (bᴀriutiþ)Tr
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