araf

Middle Welsh

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *aramo- (“quiet”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁r̥h₃-mo-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁reh₃- (“rest”). Cognate with Sanskrit ईरमा (īrmā́, “to keep still”), रात्री (rātrī, “night”), Ancient Greek ἐρωή (erōḗ, “rest”), German Ruhe (“rest”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈarav/

Adjective

araf

1. slow, leisurely

Derived terms

• araueð (“slowness”)

Descendants

• Welsh: araf

Mutation

Middle Welsh mutation
Radical	Soft	Nasal	H-prothesis
araf	unchanged	unchanged	haraf
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Further reading

• Matasović, Ranko (2009) “aramo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 39-40

Turkish

Etymology

From Ottoman Turkish اعراف (araf), from Arabic أَعْرَاف (ʔaʕrāf), plural of عُرْف (ʕurf, “crest, height”).

Noun

araf (definite accusative arafı, uncountable)

1. (Islam) A'raf, a limbo realm between Heaven and Hell inhabited by those whose sins and virtues are evenly balanced.
2. purgatory

Welsh

Bilingual road markings in Wales

Etymology

From Middle Welsh araf.

Pronunciation

• (North Wales, standard) IPA^(key): /ˈarav/
  • (North Wales, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ˈara/
• (South Wales) IPA^(key): /ˈa(ː)rav/

Adjective

araf (feminine singular araf, plural araf, equative arafed, comparative arafach, superlative arafaf)

1. slow

   Siaradwch yn araf os gwelwch yn dda.

   Speak slowly please.

Derived terms

• arafaidd (“slow”, adjective)
• arafu (“slow down”, verb)
• arafwch m (“slowness”)

Mutation

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
araf	unchanged	unchanged	haraf
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.