arswydo
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Welsh
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From arswyd (“horror, terror”) + -o.
Pronunciation
[edit]- (North Wales) IPA(key): /arˈsʊɨ̯dɔ/
- (South Wales) IPA(key): /arˈsʊi̯dɔ/
Verb
[edit]arswydo (first-person singular present arswydaf)
- (intransitive, with preposition rhag) to be afraid
- (transitive) to horrify, to appall
Conjugation
[edit]Conjugation (literary)
| singular | plural | impersonal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | |||
| present indicative/future | arswydaf | arswydi | arswyda | arswydwn | arswydwch | arswydant | arswydir | |
| imperfect (indicative/subjunctive)/ conditional |
arswydwn | arswydit | arswydai | arswydem | arswydech | arswydent | arswydid | |
| preterite | arswydais | arswydaist | arswydodd | arswydasom | arswydasoch | arswydasant | arswydwyd | |
| pluperfect | arswydaswn | arswydasit | arswydasai | arswydasem | arswydasech | arswydasent | arswydasid, arswydesid | |
| present subjunctive | arswydwyf | arswydych | arswydo | arswydom | arswydoch | arswydont | arswyder | |
| imperative | — | arswyda | arswyded | arswydwn | arswydwch | arswydent | arswyder | |
| verbal noun | arswydo | |||||||
| verbal adjectives | arswydedig arswydadwy | |||||||
Conjugation (colloquial)
| Inflected colloquial forms | singular | plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | |
| future | arswyda i, arswydaf i | arswydi di | arswydith o/e/hi, arswydiff e/hi | arswydwn ni | arswydwch chi | arswydan nhw |
| conditional | arswydwn i, arswydswn i | arswydet ti, arswydset ti | arswydai fo/fe/hi, arswydsai fo/fe/hi | arswyden ni, arswydsen ni | arswydech chi, arswydsech chi | arswyden nhw, arswydsen nhw |
| preterite | arswydais i, arswydes i | arswydaist ti, arswydest ti | arswydodd o/e/hi | arswydon ni | arswydoch chi | arswydon nhw |
| imperative | — | arswyda | — | — | arswydwch | — |
| Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh. | ||||||
Mutation
[edit]| Welsh mutation | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| radical | soft | nasal | h-prothesis |
| arswydo | unchanged | unchanged | harswydo |
| Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. | |||
Further reading
[edit]- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “arswydo”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies