cloddio
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Welsh
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]cloddio (first-person singular present cloddiaf)
- (transitive, intransitive) to dig, delve, excavate
- (transitive, intransitive) to build (a wall), to embank
Conjugation
[edit]Conjugation (literary)
| singular | plural | impersonal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | |||
| present indicative/future | cloddiaf | cloddii | cloddia | cloddiwn | cloddiwch | cloddiant | cloddiir | |
| imperfect (indicative/subjunctive)/ conditional |
cloddiwn | cloddiit | cloddiai | cloddiem | cloddiech | cloddient | cloddiid | |
| preterite | cloddiais | cloddiaist | cloddiodd | cloddiasom | cloddiasoch | cloddiasant | cloddiwyd | |
| pluperfect | cloddiaswn | cloddiasit | cloddiasai | cloddiasem | cloddiasech | cloddiasent | cloddiasid, cloddiesid | |
| present subjunctive | cloddiwyf | cloddiych | cloddio | cloddiom | cloddioch | cloddiont | cloddier | |
| imperative | — | cloddia | cloddied | cloddiwn | cloddiwch | cloddient | cloddier | |
| verbal noun | cloddio | |||||||
| verbal adjectives | cloddiedig cloddiadwy | |||||||
Conjugation (colloquial)
| Inflected colloquial forms | singular | plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | |
| future | cloddia i, cloddiaf i | cloddi di | cloddith o/e/hi, cloddiff e/hi | cloddiwn ni | cloddiwch chi | cloddian nhw |
| conditional | cloddiwn i, cloddswn i | cloddiet ti, cloddset ti | cloddiai fo/fe/hi, cloddsai fo/fe/hi | cloddien ni, cloddsen ni | cloddiech chi, cloddsech chi | cloddien nhw, cloddsen nhw |
| preterite | cloddiais i, cloddies i | cloddiaist ti, cloddiest ti | cloddiodd o/e/hi | cloddion ni | cloddioch chi | cloddion nhw |
| imperative | — | cloddia | — | — | cloddiwch | — |
| Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh. | ||||||
Derived terms
[edit]- cloddfa f (“mine”)
- cloddiad m (“excavation”)
- cloddiog (“trenched, embanked”, adjective)
- cloddiwr m (“ditchdigger”)
- mwyngloddio (“mine”, verb)
Mutation
[edit]| Welsh mutation | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
| cloddio | gloddio | nghloddio | chloddio |
| Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. | |||
Further reading
[edit]- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “cloddio”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies