endurecer

Galician

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /enduɾeˈθeɾ/ [en̪.d̪u.ɾeˈθeɾ]

• IPA^(key): (standard) /enduɾeˈθeɾ/ [en̪.d̪u.ɾeˈθeɾ]
• IPA^(key): (seseo) /enduɾeˈseɾ/ [en̪.d̪u.ɾeˈseɾ]

• Rhymes: -eɾ
• Hyphenation: en‧du‧re‧cer

Verb

endurecer (first-person singular present endurezo, first-person singular preterite endurecín, past participle endurecido)
endurecer (first-person singular present endureço, first-person singular preterite endurecim or endureci, past participle endurecido, reintegrationist norm)

1. to harden

Conjugation

    Conjugation of endurecer (c-z alternation)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (ti)	Third-person (el / ela / Vde.)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / Vdes.)
Infinitive
Impersonal	endurecer
Personal	endurecer	endureceres	endurecer	endurecermos	endurecerdes	endureceren
Gerund
	endurecendo
Past participle
Masculine	endurecido			endurecidos
Feminine	endurecida			endurecidas
Indicative
Present	endurezo	endureces	endurece	endurecemos	endurecedes	endurecen
Imperfect	endurecía	endurecías	endurecía	endureciamos	endureciades	endurecían
Preterite	endurecín	endureciches	endureceu	endurecemos	endurecestes	endureceron
Pluperfect	endurecera	endureceras	endurecera	endureceramos	endurecerades	endureceran
Future	endurecerei	endurecerás	endurecerá	endureceremos	endureceredes	endurecerán
Conditional	endurecería	endurecerías	endurecería	endureceriamos	endureceriades	endurecerían
Subjunctive
Present	endureza	endurezas	endureza	endurezamos	endurezades	endurezan
Imperfect	endurecese	endureceses	endurecese	endurecésemos	endurecésedes	endurecesen
Future	endurecer	endureceres	endurecer	endurecermos	endurecerdes	endureceren
Imperative
Affirmative		endurece	endureza	endurezamos	endurecede	endurezan
Negative (non)		non endurezas	non endureza	non endurezamos	non endurezades	non endurezan

    Reintegrated conjugation of endurecer (c-ç alternation) (See Appendix:Reintegrationism)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (ti / tu)	Third-person (ele / ela / você)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal	endurecer
Personal	endurecer	endureceres	endurecer	endurecermos	endurecerdes	endurecerem
Gerund
	endurecendo
Past participle
Masculine	endurecido			endurecidos
Feminine	endurecida			endurecidas
Indicative
Present	endureço	endureces	endurece	endurecemos	endurecedes, endureceis	endurecem
Imperfect	endurecia	endurecias	endurecia	endurecíamos	endurecíades, endurecíeis, endurecíais1	endureciam
Preterite	endurecim, endureci	endureceste, endureceche1	endureceu	endurecemos	endurecestes	endurecêrom, endureceram
Pluperfect	endurecera	endureceras	endurecera	endurecêramos	endurecêrades, endurecêreis, endurecêrais1	endureceram
Future	endurecerei	endurecerás	endurecerá	endureceremos	endureceredes, endurecereis	endurecerám, endurecerão
Conditional	endureceria	endurecerias	endureceria	endureceríamos	endureceríades, endureceríeis, endureceríais1	endureceriam
Subjunctive
Present	endureça	endureças	endureça	endureçamos	endureçades, endureçais	endureçam
Imperfect	endurecesse	endurecesses	endurecesse	endurecêssemos	endurecêssedes, endurecêsseis	endurecessem
Future	endurecer	endureceres	endurecer	endurecermos	endurecerdes	endurecerem
Imperative
Affirmative		endurece	endureça	endureçamos	endurecede, endurecei	endureçam
Negative (nom)		nom endureças	nom endureça	nom endureçamos	nom endureçades, nom endureçais	nom endureçam

¹Less recommended.

Derived terms

• endurecemento

 

Further reading

• “endurecer”, in Dicionario da Real Academia Galega (in Galician), A Coruña: Royal Galician Academy, since 2012
• “endurecer” in Dicionário Estraviz de galego (2014).

Portuguese

Etymology

From Latin indūrēscere, from indūrō. By surface analysis, en- +‎ duro (“hard”) +‎ -ecer. Compare Spanish endurecer.

Pronunciation

 

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): (careful pronunciation) /ẽ.du.ɾeˈse(ʁ)/ [ẽ.du.ɾeˈse(h)], (natural pronunciation) /ĩ.du.ɾeˈse(ʁ)/ [ĩ.du.ɾeˈse(h)]

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): (careful pronunciation) /ẽ.du.ɾeˈse(ʁ)/ [ẽ.du.ɾeˈse(h)], (natural pronunciation) /ĩ.du.ɾeˈse(ʁ)/ [ĩ.du.ɾeˈse(h)]
  • (São Paulo) IPA^(key): (careful pronunciation) /ẽ.du.ɾeˈse(ɾ)/, (natural pronunciation) /ĩ.du.ɾeˈse(ɾ)/
  • (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): (careful pronunciation) /ẽ.du.ɾeˈse(ʁ)/ [ẽ.du.ɾeˈse(χ)], (natural pronunciation) /ĩ.du.ɾeˈse(ʁ)/ [ĩ.du.ɾeˈse(χ)]
  • (Southern Brazil) IPA^(key): (careful pronunciation) /ẽ.du.ɾeˈse(ɻ)/, (natural pronunciation) /ĩ.du.ɾeˈse(ɻ)/

 

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ẽ.du.ɾɨˈseɾ/

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ẽ.du.ɾɨˈseɾ/
  • (Southern Portugal) IPA^(key): /ẽ.du.ɾɨˈse.ɾi/

• Hyphenation: en‧du‧re‧cer

Verb

endurecer (first-person singular present endureço, first-person singular preterite endureci, past participle endurecido)

1. to harden
2. to strengthen

Conjugation

    Conjugation of endurecer (c-ç alternation) (See Appendix:Portuguese verbs)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (tu)	Third-person (ele / ela / você)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal	endurecer
Personal	endurecer	endureceres	endurecer	endurecermos	endurecerdes	endurecerem
Gerund
	endurecendo
Past participle
Masculine	endurecido			endurecidos
Feminine	endurecida			endurecidas
Indicative
Present	endureço	endureces	endurece	endurecemos	endureceis	endurecem
Imperfect	endurecia	endurecias	endurecia	endurecíamos	endurecíeis	endureciam
Preterite	endureci	endureceste	endureceu	endurecemos	endurecestes	endureceram
Pluperfect	endurecera	endureceras	endurecera	endurecêramos	endurecêreis	endureceram
Future	endurecerei	endurecerás	endurecerá	endureceremos	endurecereis	endurecerão
Conditional	endureceria	endurecerias	endureceria	endureceríamos	endureceríeis	endureceriam
Subjunctive
Present	endureça	endureças	endureça	endureçamos	endureçais	endureçam
Imperfect	endurecesse	endurecesses	endurecesse	endurecêssemos	endurecêsseis	endurecessem
Future	endurecer	endureceres	endurecer	endurecermos	endurecerdes	endurecerem
Imperative
Affirmative		endurece	endureça	endureçamos	endurecei	endureçam
Negative (não)		não endureças	não endureça	não endureçamos	não endureçais	não endureçam

Derived terms

• endurecedor
• endurecimento

Further reading

• “endurecer” in Dicionário Aberto based on Novo Diccionário da Língua Portuguesa de Cândido de Figueiredo, 1913

Spanish

Etymology

From Latin indūrēscere, present active infinitive of indūrēscō, from indūrō. By surface analysis, en- +‎ duro +‎ -ecer.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (Spain) /enduɾeˈθeɾ/ [ẽn̪.d̪u.ɾeˈθeɾ]
• IPA^(key): (Latin America) /enduɾeˈseɾ/ [ẽn̪.d̪u.ɾeˈseɾ]

• Audio (Venezuela):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -eɾ
• Syllabification: en‧du‧re‧cer

Verb

endurecer (first-person singular present endurezco, first-person singular preterite endurecí, past participle endurecido)

1. (transitive, reflexive) to harden, to toughen, make hard

Conjugation

    Conjugation of endurecer (c-zc alternation) (See Appendix:Spanish verbs)

infinitive			endurecer
gerund			endureciendo
past participle				masculine		feminine
		singular		endurecido		endurecida
		plural		endurecidos		endurecidas
		singular			plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
indicative		yo	tú vos	él/ella/ello usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ellos/ellas ustedes
	present	endurezco	endurecestú endurecésvos	endurece	endurecemos	endurecéis	endurecen
	imperfect	endurecía	endurecías	endurecía	endurecíamos	endurecíais	endurecían
	preterite	endurecí	endureciste	endureció	endurecimos	endurecisteis	endurecieron
	future	endureceré	endurecerás	endurecerá	endureceremos	endureceréis	endurecerán
	conditional	endurecería	endurecerías	endurecería	endureceríamos	endureceríais	endurecerían
subjunctive		yo	tú vos	él/ella/ello usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ellos/ellas ustedes
	present	endurezca	endurezcastú endurezcásvos2	endurezca	endurezcamos	endurezcáis	endurezcan
	imperfect (ra)	endureciera	endurecieras	endureciera	endureciéramos	endurecierais	endurecieran
	imperfect (se)	endureciese	endurecieses	endureciese	endureciésemos	endurecieseis	endureciesen
	future1	endureciere	endurecieres	endureciere	endureciéremos	endureciereis	endurecieren
imperative		—	tú vos	usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ustedes
	affirmative		endurecetú endurecévos	endurezca	endurezcamos	endureced	endurezcan
	negative		no endurezcas	no endurezca	no endurezcamos	no endurezcáis	no endurezcan

¹Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language.
²Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tú form for the present subjunctive.

    Selected combined forms of endurecer (c-zc alternation)

These forms are generated automatically and may not actually be used. Pronoun usage varies by region.

		singular			plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
with infinitive endurecer
	dative	endurecerme	endurecerte	endurecerle, endurecerse	endurecernos	endureceros	endurecerles, endurecerse
	accusative	endurecerme	endurecerte	endurecerlo, endurecerla, endurecerse	endurecernos	endureceros	endurecerlos, endurecerlas, endurecerse
with gerund endureciendo
	dative	endureciéndome	endureciéndote	endureciéndole, endureciéndose	endureciéndonos	endureciéndoos	endureciéndoles, endureciéndose
	accusative	endureciéndome	endureciéndote	endureciéndolo, endureciéndola, endureciéndose	endureciéndonos	endureciéndoos	endureciéndolos, endureciéndolas, endureciéndose
with informal second-person singular tú imperative endurece
	dative	enduréceme	endurécete	endurécele	endurécenos	not used	enduréceles
	accusative	enduréceme	endurécete	endurécelo, endurécela	endurécenos	not used	endurécelos, endurécelas
with informal second-person singular vos imperative endurecé
	dative	endureceme	endurecete	endurecele	endurecenos	not used	endureceles
	accusative	endureceme	endurecete	endurecelo, endurecela	endurecenos	not used	endurecelos, endurecelas
with formal second-person singular imperative endurezca
	dative	endurézcame	not used	endurézcale, endurézcase	endurézcanos	not used	endurézcales
	accusative	endurézcame	not used	endurézcalo, endurézcala, endurézcase	endurézcanos	not used	endurézcalos, endurézcalas
with first-person plural imperative endurezcamos
	dative	not used	endurezcámoste	endurezcámosle	endurezcámonos	endurezcámoos	endurezcámosles
	accusative	not used	endurezcámoste	endurezcámoslo, endurezcámosla	endurezcámonos	endurezcámoos	endurezcámoslos, endurezcámoslas
with informal second-person plural imperative endureced
	dative	endurecedme	not used	endurecedle	endurecednos	endureceos	endurecedles
	accusative	endurecedme	not used	endurecedlo, endurecedla	endurecednos	endureceos	endurecedlos, endurecedlas
with formal second-person plural imperative endurezcan
	dative	endurézcanme	not used	endurézcanle	endurézcannos	not used	endurézcanles, endurézcanse
	accusative	endurézcanme	not used	endurézcanlo, endurézcanla	endurézcannos	not used	endurézcanlos, endurézcanlas, endurézcanse

Derived terms

• endurecedor
• endurecimiento

 

Related terms

• duro

 

Further reading

• “endurecer”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014