Appendix:Catalan Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Catalan, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

[edit]
For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

[edit]
EnglishCatalan
català
edit (207)
IPA
(key)
1I (1sg)jo/ˈjɔ/
2you (2sg)tu/ˈtu/
3he, she, it (3sg)ell/ˈeʎ/
4we (1pl)nosaltres/noˈzal.tɾes/
5you (2pl)vosaltres/voˈzal.tɾes/
6they (3pl)ells/ˈeʎs/
7thisaquest, aqueix/aˈket/, /aˈkejʃ/
8thataquell/aˈkeʎ/
9hereací, aquí/aˈsi/, /aˈki/
10thereallà, allí/aˈʎa/, /aˈʎi/
11whoqui/ˈki/
12whatquè, quin/ˈke/, /ˈkin/
13whereon/ˈon/
14whenquan/ˈkwan/
15howcom/ˈkɔm/
16notno/ˈno/
17alltot/ˈtot/
18manymolt/ˈmolt/
19somealgun/alˈɡun/
20fewpoc/ˈpɔk/
21otheraltre/ˈal.tɾe/
22oneun/ˈun/
23twodos/ˈdos/
24threetres/ˈtɾes/
25fourquatreˈkwa.tɾe/
26fivecinc/ˈsiŋk/
27biggran, gros/ˈɡɾan/, /ˈɡɾɔs/
28longllarg/ˈʎaɾk/
29wideample/ˈam.ple/
30thickgruixut/ɡɾujˈʃut/
31heavypesat/peˈzat/
32smallpetit, menut, xic/peˈtit/, /meˈnut/, /ˈt͡ʃik/
33shortcurt/ˈkuɾt/
34narrowestret/esˈtɾet/
35thinprim/ˈpɾim/
36womandona/ˈdɔ.na/
37man (adult male)home/ˈɔ.me/
38man (human being)humà/uˈma/
39childnen/ˈnen/
40wifemuller, esposa/muˈʎeɾ/, /esˈpɔ.za/
41husbandmarit, espòs/maˈɾit/, /esˈpɔs/
42mothermare/ˈma.ɾe/
43fatherpare/ˈpa.ɾe/
44animalanimal/a.niˈmal/
45fishpeix/ˈpejʃ/
46birdocell, au/oˈseʎ/, ???
47doggos/ˈɡos/
48lousepoll/ˈpoʎ/
49snakeserp/ˈseɾp/
50wormcuc/ˈkuk/
51treearbre/ˈa.bɾe/
52forestbosc/ˈbɔsk/
53stickbastó, pal/basˈto/, /ˈpal/
54fruitfruit, fruita/ˈfɾujt/, /ˈfɾuj.ta/
55seedllavor/ʎaˈvoɾ/
56leaffulla/ˈfu.ʎa/
57rootarrel/aˈrɛl/
58bark (of a tree)escorça/esˈkɔɾ.sa/
59flowerflor/ˈflɔɾ/
60grassherba/ˈeɾ.ba/
61ropecorda/ˈkɔɾ.da/
62skinpell/ˈpeʎ/
63meatcarn/ˈkaɾn/
64bloodsang/ˈsaŋk/
65boneos/ˈɔs/
66fat (noun)greix/ˈɡɾejʃ/
67eggou/ˈɔw/
68horncorn, banya/ˈkɔɾn/, /ˈba.ɲa/
69tailcua/ˈku.a/
70featherploma/ˈplo.ma/
71hairpèl, cabell/ˈpɛl/, /kaˈbeʎ/
72headcap/ˈkap/
73earorella/oˈɾe.ʎa/
74eyeull/ˈuʎ/
75nosenas/ˈnas/
76mouthboca/ˈbo.ka/
77toothdent/ˈdent/
78tongue (organ)llengua/ˈʎen.ɡwa/
79fingernailungla/ˈun.ɡla/
80footpeu/ˈpɛw/
81legcama/ˈka.ma/
82kneegenoll/d͡ʒeˈnoʎ/
83hand/ˈma/
84wingala/ˈa.la/
85bellypanxa/ˈpaɲ.t͡ʃa/
86gutsbudells/buˈdeʎs/
87neckcoll/ˈkɔʎ/
88backesquena/esˈke.na/
89breastpit/ˈpit/
90heartcor/ˈkɔɾ/
91liverfetge/ˈfe.d͡ʒe/
92to drinkbeure/ˈbew.ɾe/
93to eatmenjar/meɲˈd͡ʒaɾ/
94to bitemossegar/mo.seˈɡaɾ/
95to suckxuclar, mamar, xarrupar/t͡ʃuˈklaɾ/, /maˈmaɾ/, /t͡ʃa.ruˈpaɾ/
96to spitescopir/es.koˈpiɾ/
97to vomitvomitar/vo.miˈtaɾ/
98to blowbufar/buˈfaɾ/
99to breatherespirar/res.piˈɾaɾ/
100to laughriure/ˈriw.ɾe/
101to seeveure/ˈvew.ɾe/
102to hearsentir, oir/senˈtiɾ/, /oˈiɾ/
103to knowsaber/saˈbeɾ/
104to thinkpensar/penˈsaɾ/
105to smellolorar/o.loˈɾaɾ/
106to feartémer/ˈte.meɾ/
107to sleepdormir/doɾˈmiɾ/
108to liveviure/ˈviw.ɾe/
109to diemorir/moˈɾiɾ/
110to killmatar/maˈtaɾ/
111to fightlluitar/ʎujˈtaɾ/
112to huntcaçar/kaˈsaɾ/
113to hitcolpejar, picar/kol.peˈd͡ʒaɾ/, /piˈkaɾ/
114to cuttallar/taˈʎaɾ/
115to splitpartir, separar/paɾˈtiɾ/, /se.paˈɾaɾ/
116to stabapunyalar/a.pu.ɲaˈlaɾ/
117to scratchraspar, rascar, esgarrinxar/rasˈpaɾ/, /rasˈkaɾ/,
118to digcavar, excavar/kaˈvaɾ/, /eks.kaˈvaɾ/
119to swimnedar, nadar/neˈdaɾ/, /naˈdaɾ/
120to flyvolar/voˈlaɾ/
121to walkcaminar/ka.miˈnaɾ/
122to comevenir, vindre/veˈniɾ/, ???
123to lie (as in a bed)jeure (state)/ˈd͡ʒew.ɾe/
124to sitseure (state)/ˈsɛw.ɾe/
125to standestar dret (state)???
126to turn (intransitive)girar, tombar/d͡ʒiˈɾaɾ/, /tomˈbaɾ/
127to fallcaure/ˈkaw.ɾe/
128to givedonar, dar/doˈnaɾ/, /ˈdaɾ/
129to holdtenir (on hand)/teˈniɾ/
130to squeezeprémer, estrènyer/ˈpɾe.meɾ/, /esˈtɾe.ɲeɾ/
131to rubfregar/fɾeˈɡaɾ/
132to washrentar, netejar/renˈtaɾ/, /ne.teˈd͡ʒaɾ/
133to wipeeixugar/ej.ʃuˈɡaɾ/
134to pullestirar/es.tiˈɾaɾ/
135to pushempènyer/emˈpe.ɲeɾ/
136to throwllançar/ʎanˈsaɾ/
137to tielligar/ʎiˈɡaɾ/
138to sewcosir/koˈziɾ/
139to countcomptar/komˈtaɾ/
140to saydir/ˈdiɾ/
141to singcantar/kanˈtaɾ/
142to playjugar/d͡ʒuˈɡaɾ/
143to floatflotar, surar/floˈtaɾ/, /suˈɾaɾ/
144to flowfluir/fluˈiɾ/
145to freezegelar, glaçar/d͡ʒeˈlaɾ/, /ɡlaˈsaɾ/
146to swellinflar/imˈflaɾ/
147sunsol/ˈsɔl/
148moonlluna/ˈʎu.na/
149starestel, estrella/esˈtɛl/, /esˈtɾe.ʎa/
150wateraigua/ˈaj.ɡwa/
151rainpluja/ˈplu.d͡ʒa/
152riverriu/ˈriw/
153lakellac/ˈʎak/
154seamar/ˈmaɾ/
155saltsal/ˈsal/
156stonepedra/ˈpe.dɾa/
157sandarena, sorra???, /ˈso.ra/
158dustpols/ˈpols/
159earthterra/ˈtɛ.ra/
160cloudnúvol/ˈnu.vol/
161fogboira/ˈbɔj.ɾa/
162skycel/ˈsɛl/
163windvent/ˈvent/
164snowneu/ˈnew/
165icegel, glaç/ˈd͡ʒɛl/, /ˈɡlas/
166smokefum/ˈfum/
167firefoc/ˈfɔk/
168ashcendra/ˈsɛn.dɾa/
169to burncremar/kɾeˈmaɾ/
170roadcarretera/ka.reˈte.ɾa/
171mountainmuntanya/munˈta.ɲa/
172redvermell, roig/veɾˈmeʎ/, /ˈrɔt͡ʃ/
173greenverd/ˈvɛɾt/
174yellowgroc/ˈɡɾɔk/
175whiteblanc/ˈblaŋk/
176blacknegre/ˈne.ɡɾe/
177nightnit/ˈnit/
178daydia/ˈdi.a/
179yearany/ˈaɲ/
180warmcalent, càlid/kaˈlent/, /ˈka.lit/
181coldfred/ˈfɾet/
182fullpleˈple/
183newnou/ˈnɔw/
184oldvell/ˈveʎ/
185goodbo, /ˈbɔ/, /ˈbe/
186baddolent, roí/doˈlent/, /roˈi/
187rottenpodrit/poˈdɾit/
188dirtybrut/ˈbɾut/
189straightrecte/ˈrɛk.te/
190roundrodó, redó/roˈdo/, /reˈdo/
191sharp (as a knife)esmolat, agut/ez.moˈlat/, /aˈɡut/
192dull (as a knife)esmussat, rom/ez.muˈsat/, ???
193smoothllis, suau???, /suˈaw/
194wethumit, mullat/uˈmit/, /muˈʎat/
195drysec/ˈsek/
196correctcorrecte/koˈrɛk.te/
197nearprop, vora/ˈpɾɔp/, /ˈvɔ.ɾa/
198farlluny/ˈʎuɲ/
199rightdret, dreta/ˈdɾet/, /ˈdɾe.ta/
200leftesquerre, esquerra/esˈkɛ.re/, /esˈkɛ.ra/
201ata, en???, /en/
202indins, en/ˈdins/, /en/
203withambəm/
204andi???
205ifsi/ˈsi/
206becauseperquè/peɾˈke/
207namenom/ˈnɔm/
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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