擬

See also: 儗 and 拟

擬 U+64EC, 擬 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-64EC ← 擫 [U+64EB] CJK Unified Ideographs 擭 → [U+64ED]

Translingual

Han character

擬 (Kangxi radical 64, 手+14, 17 strokes, cangjie input 手心大人 (QPKO), four-corner 5708₁, composition ⿰扌疑)

Related characters

• 拟 (Simplified Chinese)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 460, character 17
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 12870
• Dae Jaweon: page 809, character 6
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1975, character 4
• Unihan data for U+64EC

Chinese

trad.		擬
simp.		拟
alternative forms		儗／拟

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (疑) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
礙	*ŋɯːs
儗	*ŋɯːs, *hŋɯːs, *ŋɯʔ, *ŋɯs
懝	*ŋɯːs, *ŋɯɡ
譺	*ŋrɯːs, *ŋɯʔ, *ŋɯs
癡	*ŋ̊ʰl'ɯ
疑	*ŋɯ
嶷	*ŋɯ, *ŋɯɡ
觺	*ŋɯ
擬	*ŋɯʔ
薿	*ŋɯʔ, *ŋɯɡ
凝	*ŋrɯŋ, *ŋrɯŋs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋɯʔ) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 疑 (OC *ŋɯ).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): nǐ (ni³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄋㄧˇ

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): ji⁵ / ji⁴

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): ngei⁴

• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): ngí

  (Meixian, Guangdong): ngi³

• Eastern Min (BUC): ngī
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): gí

  (Teochew, Peng'im): ngi²

• Wu (Wugniu)
  • (Northern): ⁶gni

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: nǐ
    • Zhuyin: ㄋㄧˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: nǐ
    • Wade–Giles: ni³
    • Yale: nǐ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: nii
    • Palladius: ни (ni)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ni²¹⁴/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: ji⁵ / ji⁴
    • Yale: yíh / yìh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: ji⁵ / ji⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: yi⁵ / yi⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jiː¹³/, /jiː²¹/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: ngei⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ᵑɡei²¹/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngí
    • Hakka Romanization System: ngi`
    • Hagfa Pinyim: ngi³
    • Sinological IPA: /ŋi³¹/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: ngi³
    • Sinological IPA: /ŋi³¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: ngī
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋi³³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gí
    • Tâi-lô: gí
    • Phofsit Daibuun: gie
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɡi⁴¹/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /ɡi⁵³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /ɡi⁵⁵⁴/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: ngi²
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngí
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋi⁵²/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁶gni
    • MiniDict: nyi^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³nyi
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /n̠ʲi²³/

---

• Middle Chinese: ngiX

Rime
Character	擬
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	之 (19)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	魚紀切
Baxter	ngiX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ŋɨX/
Pan Wuyun	/ŋɨX/
Shao Rongfen	/ŋieX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ŋɨX/
Li Rong	/ŋiəX/
Wang Li	/ŋĭəX/
Bernard Karlgren	/ŋiX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yǐ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ji5

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ŋ](r)əʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ŋɯʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	擬
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	nǐ
Middle Chinese	‹ ngiX ›
Old Chinese	/*[ŋ](r)əʔ/ (< uvular)
English	estimate, calculate
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	擬
Reading #	1/1
No.	14897
Phonetic component	疑
Rime group	之
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	擬
Old Chinese	/*ŋɯʔ/

Definitions

擬

1. to compare
2. to imitate; to copy; to emulate; to mimic
3. to plan; to propose
4. to draft; to devise; to draw up
5. to presuppose; to hypothesise; to assert

Synonyms

• (to compare):

• 例 (lì) (literary, or in compounds)
• 對比／对比 (duìbǐ)
• 對照／对照 (duìzhào)
• 比並／比并 (bī-piâng) (Eastern Min)
• 比對／比对 (bǐduì)
• 比擬／比拟 (bǐnǐ)
• 比照 (bǐzhào)
• 比較／比较
• 視／视 (shì) (archaic)
• 進行比較／进行比较 (jìnxíng bǐjiào)

 

• (to imitate):

• 仿效 (fǎngxiào)
• 仿照 (fǎngzhào)
• 效仿 (xiàofǎng)
• 模仿 (mófǎng)
• 模擬／模拟 (mónǐ)
• 臨摹／临摹 (línmó) (a model of calligraphy, painting, etc.)
• 規矩／规矩 (guījǔ) (literary)

 

• (to plan):

• 作計／作计 (zuòjì) (literary)
• 打算 (dǎsuàn)
• 拍算 (phah-sǹg) (Hokkien, Teochew)
• 拍達／拍达 (Xiamen Hokkien)
• 按算 (Hokkien)
• 派胚 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
• 準備／准备 (zhǔnbèi)
• 營為／营为 (Hokkien)
• 盤算／盘算
• 策劃／策划 (cèhuà)
• 策動／策动 (cèdòng)
• 算 (suàn)
• 算打 (sáung-dā) (Eastern Min)
• 算計／算计 (suànjì)
• 籌劃／筹划 (chóuhuà)
• 考慮／考虑 (kǎolǜ)
• 規／规 (literary, or in compounds)
• 規劃／规划 (guīhuà)
• 計劃／计划 (jìhuà)
• 計算／计算 (jìsuàn)
• 設／设 (shè)
• 設施／设施 (shèshī) (literary)
• 試圖／试图 (shìtú)
• 謀劃／谋划 (móuhuà)

 

• (to draft):

• 草創／草创 (cǎochuàng) (literary)
• 草擬／草拟 (cǎonǐ)
• 起草 (qǐcǎo)

 

• (to presuppose):

• 估計／估计 (gūjì)
• 估量
• 假定 (jiǎdìng)
• 假想 (jiǎxiǎng)
• 假設／假设 (jiǎshè)
• 商量 (shāngliàng) (Classical Chinese)
• 嫌 (xián) (literary, or in compounds)
• 忖度 (cǔnduó) (literary)
• 思裁 (sīcái) (literary)
• 想象 (xiǎngxiàng)
• 懸／悬 (xuán) (literary, or in compounds)
• 懸想／悬想 (xuánxiǎng)
• 懷疑／怀疑 (huáiyí)
• 打估 (Southern Pinghua)
• 推想 (tuīxiǎng)
• 推測／推测 (tuīcè)
• 掠算 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
• 揣度 (formal)
• 母量 (mu³ liong) (Gan)
• 派胚 (Hokkien)
• 測／测 (cè) (literary, or in compounds)
• 測估／测估 (cègū)
• 測度／测度 (cèduó)
• 測算／测算 (cèsuàn)
• 猜 (cāi)
• 猜度 (cāiduó)
• 猜想 (cāixiǎng)
• 猜摸 (cāimo)
• 猜料 (cāiliào)
• 猜測／猜测 (cāicè)
• 猜詳／猜详 (cāixiáng)
• 算 (suàn)
• 算計／算计 (suànjì)
• 約摸／约摸 (yuēmo)
• 臭疑 (Hokkien)
• 臭青疑 (Hokkien)
• 虛擬／虚拟 (xūnǐ)
• 要約／要约 (iau³ ieh⁴) (Jin)
• 設／设 (shè)
• 設想／设想 (shèxiǎng)
• 跋胚 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
• 辦胚／办胚 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
• 阿合 (Quanzhou Hokkien, Xiamen Hokkien)
• 青疑 (Hokkien)
• 預計／预计 (yùjì)

 

Compounds

• 不擬／不拟
• 仿擬／仿拟
• 准擬
• 原擬／原拟
• 如擬／如拟
• 懸擬／悬拟
• 摹擬／摹拟 (mónǐ)
• 擬人／拟人 (nǐrén)
• 擬人化／拟人化 (nǐrénhuà)
• 擬人法／拟人法
• 擬作／拟作
• 擬具／拟具
• 擬古／拟古 (nǐgǔ)
• 擬合／拟合 (nǐhé)
• 擬妥／拟妥
• 擬定／拟定 (nǐdìng)
• 擬就／拟就
• 擬核／拟核 (nǐhé)
• 擬稿／拟稿 (nǐgǎo)
• 擬經／拟经
• 擬聲詞／拟声词 (nǐshēngcí)
• 擬規畫圓／拟规画圆
• 擬訂／拟订 (nǐdìng)
• 擬設／拟设
• 擬請／拟请
• 擬議／拟议 (nǐyì)
• 擬辦／拟办
• 擬音／拟音 (nǐyīn)
• 擬題／拟题
• 構擬／构拟 (gòunǐ)
• 模擬／模拟 (mónǐ)
• 模擬器／模拟器 (mónǐqì)
• 模擬投票／模拟投票
• 模擬演習／模拟演习
• 模擬考試／模拟考试
• 比擬／比拟 (bǐnǐ)
• 準擬／准拟 (zhǔnnǐ)
• 滿擬／满拟
• 無可比擬／无可比拟 (wúkěbǐnǐ)
• 研擬／研拟 (yánnǐ)
• 草擬／草拟 (cǎonǐ)
• 虛擬／虚拟 (xūnǐ)
• 虛擬主機／虚拟主机
• 虛擬實境／虚拟实境
• 虛擬樣品／虚拟样品
• 虛擬空間／虚拟空间 (xūnǐ kōngjiān)
• 虛擬站／虚拟站
• 虛擬診所／虚拟诊所

 

References

• “擬”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

擬

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

1. mimic, imitate
2. guess, suspect
3. pseudo-, mock-

Readings

• Go-on: ご (go)
• Kan-on: ぎ (gi, Jōyō)
• Kun: まがい (magai, 擬); もどく (modoku, 擬く); なぞらえる (nazoraeru, 擬える); はかる (hakaru, 擬る)

Compounds

• 擬(ぎ)薬(やく) (giyaku, “placebo”)
• 模(も)擬(ぎ) (mogi, “mock”)

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 擬 (MC ngiX).

Historical readings
Recorded as Middle Korean ᅌᅴᆼ〯 (Yale: ngǔy) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448. Recorded as Middle Korean 의 (uy) (Yale: uy) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ɰi]
• Phonetic hangul: [의]

Hanja

Wikisource

擬 (eumhun 비길 의 (bigil ui))

1. Hanja form^? of 의 (“to compare”).
2. Hanja form^? of 의 (“to imitate; to emulate”).

Compounds

Compounds

• 모의 (模擬, moui, “imitation; simulation”)
• 의성 (擬聲, uiseong, “imitation sound”)
• 의성어 (擬聲語, uiseong'eo, “onomatopoeia”)
• 의태어 (擬態語, uitaeeo, “ideophone”)
• 의인 (擬人, uiin, “personification”)
• 의인화 (擬人化, uiinhwa, “anthropomorphization”)

References

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese

Han character

擬: Hán Nôm readings: nghĩ, nghỉ

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.