შტო
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Georgian
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Old Georgian შტო (šṭo). Possibly borrowed from Old Armenian ոստ-ո- (ost-o-),[1][2][3][4] specifically perhaps from an unattested northern dialectal form *ոշտ (*ošt): compare Old Armenian անոշտ (anošt) beside անոստ (anost).[5]
Noun
[edit]Inflection
[edit]| Declension of შტო (see Georgian declension) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | archaic plural | |
| nominative | შტო (šṭo) | შტოები (šṭoebi) | შტონი (šṭoni) |
| ergative | შტომ (šṭom) | შტოებმა (šṭoebma) | შტოთ(ა) (šṭot(a)) |
| dative | შტოს(ა) (šṭos(a)) | შტოებს(ა) (šṭoebs(a)) | შტოთ(ა) (šṭot(a)) |
| genitive | შტოს(ა) (šṭos(a)) | შტოების(ა) (šṭoebis(a)) | შტოთ(ა) (šṭot(a)) |
| instrumental | შტოთ(ა) (šṭot(a)) | შტოებით(ა) (šṭoebit(a)) | |
| adverbial | შტოდ(ა) (šṭod(a)) | შტოებად(ა) (šṭoebad(a)) | |
| vocative | შტოვ (šṭov) | შტოებო (šṭoebo) | შტონო (šṭono) |
| Notes: archaic plurals might not exist. | |||
| Postpositional inflection of შტო (see Georgian postpositions) | ||
|---|---|---|
| postpositions taking a dative case | singular | plural |
| -ზე (-ze, “on”) | შტოზე (šṭoze) | შტოებზე (šṭoebze) |
| -თან (-tan, “near”) | შტოსთან (šṭostan) | შტოებთან (šṭoebtan) |
| -ში (-ši, “in”) | შტოში (šṭoši) | შტოებში (šṭoebši) |
| -ვით (-vit, “like”) | შტოსავით (šṭosavit) | შტოებივით (šṭoebivit) |
| postpositions taking a genitive case | singular | plural |
| -თვის (-tvis, “for”) | შტოსთვის (šṭostvis) | შტოებისთვის (šṭoebistvis) |
| -ებრ (-ebr, “like”) | შტოსებრ (šṭosebr) | შტოებისებრ (šṭoebisebr) |
| -კენ (-ḳen, “towards”) | შტოსკენ (šṭosḳen) | შტოებისკენ (šṭoebisḳen) |
| -გან (-gan, “from/of”) | შტოსგან (šṭosgan) | შტოებისგან (šṭoebisgan) |
| postpositions taking an instrumental case | singular | plural |
| -დან (-dan, “from/since”) | შტოდან (šṭodan) | შტოებიდან (šṭoebidan) |
| -ურთ (-urt, “together with”) | შტოთურთ (šṭoturt) | შტოებითურთ (šṭoebiturt) |
| postpositions taking an adverbial case | singular | plural |
| -მდე (-mde, “up to”) | შტომდე (šṭomde) | შტოებამდე (šṭoebamde) |
See also
[edit]- ტოტი (ṭoṭi)
References
[edit]- ^ Brosset, M. (1834) “Aperçu général de la langue géorgienne”, in Journal asiatique (in French), volume 14, page 386 of 369–405
- ^ Čubinov, David (1840) “შტო”, in Грузинско-русско-французский словарь [Georgian–Russian–French Dictionary], Saint Petersburg: Academy Press, page 589a
- ^ Kluge, Theodor (1913) “Die Indo-Germanischen Lehnwörter im Georgischen”, in Revue de linguistique et de philologie comparée[1] (in German), volume 46, Paris, page 262
- ^ Vogt, Hans (1988) Linguistique caucasienne et arménienne (Studia Caucasologica; II)[2] (in French), Oslo: Norwegian University Press, page 126
- ^ Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1977) “ոստ”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume III, Yerevan: University Press, page 569a
Further reading
[edit]- Abulaʒe, Ilia (1973) “შტო”, in Ʒveli kartuli enis leksiḳoni (masalebi) [Dictionary of Old Georgian (Materials)][3] (in Georgian), Tbilisi: Metsniereba, page 507
- Thorsø, Rasmus (2023) Prehistoric loanwords in Armenian: Hurro-Urartian, Kartvelian, and the unclassified substrate[4], PhD dissertation, Leiden University, page 83