ἄρδω

Ancient Greek

Etymology

Furnée compares παρδακός (pardakós, “humid”) (highly doubtful) and ἄρσεα (ársea, “humid meadows”). The latter proposal is attractive, as -σος is a typical Pre-Greek suffix. Furnée also follows the proposal by Kretschmer that ᾱ̓- is due to a pre-form *ἀϝάρδω, the prothetic vowel of which he explains as a substrate element. Neumann noted that several technical terms for irrigation are Pre-Greek, like ἄνδηρον (ándēron, “raised bank by the side of a ditch”) and γόργῡρα (górgūra, “underground drain”).

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /ǎːr.dɔː/ → /ˈar.ðo/ → /ˈar.ðo/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /ǎːr.dɔː/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈar.do/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈar.ðo/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈar.ðo/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈar.ðo/

Verb

ἄ̄ρδω • (á̄rdō)

1. to water, irrigate
2. (passive voice) to be watered
3. to give drink to cattle
4. (of rivers) to furnish drink for men
5. (figuratively) to foster, cherish
6. to guzzle, drink voraciously
7. to pour forth, spill, gush

Inflection

   Present: ᾱ̓́ρδω, ᾱ̓́ρδομαι

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ᾱ̓́ρδω	ᾱ̓́ρδεις	ᾱ̓́ρδει	ᾱ̓́ρδετον	ᾱ̓́ρδετον	ᾱ̓́ρδομεν	ᾱ̓́ρδετε	ᾱ̓́ρδουσῐ(ν)
	subjunctive	ᾱ̓́ρδω	ᾱ̓́ρδῃς	ᾱ̓́ρδῃ	ᾱ̓́ρδητον	ᾱ̓́ρδητον	ᾱ̓́ρδωμεν	ᾱ̓́ρδητε	ᾱ̓́ρδωσῐ(ν)
	optative	ᾱ̓́ρδοιμῐ	ᾱ̓́ρδοις	ᾱ̓́ρδοι	ᾱ̓́ρδοιτον	ᾱ̓ρδοίτην	ᾱ̓́ρδοιμεν	ᾱ̓́ρδοιτε	ᾱ̓́ρδοιεν
	imperative		ἆρδε	ᾱ̓ρδέτω	ᾱ̓́ρδετον	ᾱ̓ρδέτων		ᾱ̓́ρδετε	ᾱ̓ρδόντων
middle/ passive	indicative	ᾱ̓́ρδομαι	ᾱ̓́ρδῃ, ᾱ̓́ρδει	ᾱ̓́ρδεται	ᾱ̓́ρδεσθον	ᾱ̓́ρδεσθον	ᾱ̓ρδόμεθᾰ	ᾱ̓́ρδεσθε	ᾱ̓́ρδονται
	subjunctive	ᾱ̓́ρδωμαι	ᾱ̓́ρδῃ	ᾱ̓́ρδηται	ᾱ̓́ρδησθον	ᾱ̓́ρδησθον	ᾱ̓ρδώμεθᾰ	ᾱ̓́ρδησθε	ᾱ̓́ρδωνται
	optative	ᾱ̓ρδοίμην	ᾱ̓́ρδοιο	ᾱ̓́ρδοιτο	ᾱ̓́ρδοισθον	ᾱ̓ρδοίσθην	ᾱ̓ρδοίμεθᾰ	ᾱ̓́ρδοισθε	ᾱ̓́ρδοιντο
	imperative		ᾱ̓́ρδου	ᾱ̓ρδέσθω	ᾱ̓́ρδεσθον	ᾱ̓ρδέσθων		ᾱ̓́ρδεσθε	ᾱ̓ρδέσθων
		active				middle/passive
infinitive		ᾱ̓́ρδειν				ᾱ̓́ρδεσθαι
participle	m	ᾱ̓́ρδων				ᾱ̓ρδόμενος
	f	ᾱ̓́ρδουσᾰ				ᾱ̓ρδομένη
	n	ἆρδον				ᾱ̓ρδόμενον
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

   Imperfect: ἦρδον, ἠρδόμην

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ἦρδον	ἦρδες	ἦρδε(ν)	ἤρδετον	ἠρδέτην	ἤρδομεν	ἤρδετε	ἦρδον
middle/ passive	indicative	ἠρδόμην	ἤρδου	ἤρδετο	ἤρδεσθον	ἠρδέσθην	ἠρδόμεθᾰ	ἤρδεσθε	ἤρδοντο
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

   Aorist: ἦρσᾰ, ἠρσᾰ́μην

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ἦρσᾰ	ἦρσᾰς	ἦρσε(ν)	ἤρσᾰτον	ἠρσᾰ́την	ἤρσᾰμεν	ἤρσᾰτε	ἦρσᾰν
	subjunctive	ᾱ̓́ρσω	ᾱ̓́ρσῃς	ᾱ̓́ρσῃ	ᾱ̓́ρσητον	ᾱ̓́ρσητον	ᾱ̓́ρσωμεν	ᾱ̓́ρσητε	ᾱ̓́ρσωσῐ(ν)
	optative	ᾱ̓́ρσαιμῐ	ᾱ̓́ρσειᾰς, ᾱ̓́ρσαις	ᾱ̓́ρσειε(ν), ᾱ̓́ρσαι	ᾱ̓́ρσαιτον	ᾱ̓ρσαίτην	ᾱ̓́ρσαιμεν	ᾱ̓́ρσαιτε	ᾱ̓́ρσειᾰν, ᾱ̓́ρσαιεν
	imperative		ἆρσον	ᾱ̓ρσᾰ́τω	ᾱ̓́ρσᾰτον	ᾱ̓ρσᾰ́των		ᾱ̓́ρσᾰτε	ᾱ̓ρσᾰ́ντων
middle	indicative	ἠρσᾰ́μην	ἤρσω	ἤρσᾰτο	ἤρσᾰσθον	ἠρσᾰ́σθην	ἠρσᾰ́μεθᾰ	ἤρσᾰσθε	ἤρσᾰντο
	subjunctive	ᾱ̓́ρσωμαι	ᾱ̓́ρσῃ	ᾱ̓́ρσηται	ᾱ̓́ρσησθον	ᾱ̓́ρσησθον	ᾱ̓ρσώμεθᾰ	ᾱ̓́ρσησθε	ᾱ̓́ρσωνται
	optative	ᾱ̓ρσαίμην	ᾱ̓́ρσαιο	ᾱ̓́ρσαιτο	ᾱ̓́ρσαισθον	ᾱ̓ρσαίσθην	ᾱ̓ρσαίμεθᾰ	ᾱ̓́ρσαισθε	ᾱ̓́ρσαιντο
	imperative		ἆρσαι	ᾱ̓ρσᾰ́σθω	ᾱ̓́ρσᾰσθον	ᾱ̓ρσᾰ́σθων		ᾱ̓́ρσᾰσθε	ᾱ̓ρσᾰ́σθων
		active			middle
infinitive		ἆρσαι			ᾱ̓́ρσᾰσθαι
participle	m	ᾱ̓́ρσᾱς			ᾱ̓ρσᾰ́μενος
	f	ᾱ̓́ρσᾱσᾰ			ᾱ̓ρσᾰμένη
	n	ἆρσᾰν			ᾱ̓ρσᾰ́μενον
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Derived terms

• ἀρδεύω (ardeúō)
• ἀρδμός (ardmós)
• ἀρδᾰ́λῐον (ardálion)
• νεοαρδής (neoardḗs)

 

Further reading

• “ἄρδω”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “ἄρδω”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
• ἄρδω in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
• ἄρδω in the Diccionario Griego–Español en línea (2006–2024)
• Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἄρδω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 127