𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌽

Gothic

Etymology

𐌲𐌰- (ga-) +‎ Proto-Germanic *þarbāną

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɡaˈθarbaːn/, [ɡaˈθarvaːn]

Verb

𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌽 • (gaþarbān)

1. to abstain from (+ genitive)
   • 1 Timothy 4:3:

     𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌴 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌲𐍉𐍃, 𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌽 𐌼𐌰𐍄𐌴, 𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌶𐌴𐌹 𐌲𐌿𐌸 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍀 𐌳𐌿 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌽𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽 𐌼𐌹𐌸 𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌼 𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌿𐍆𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌼 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌾𐌰.

     warjandanē liugōs, gaþarban matē, þanzei guþ gaskōp du andniman miþ awiliudam galaubjandam jah ufkunnandam sunja.

     Forbidding to marry, and commanding to abstain from meats, which God hath created to be received with thanksgiving of them which believe and know the truth. (KJV)

2. (reflexive) to be temperate
   • 1 Corinthians 9:25:

     𐌹𐌸 𐍈𐌰𐌶𐌿𐌷 𐍃𐌰𐌴𐌹 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍆𐍃𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 𐍃𐌽𐌹𐍅𐌹𐌸, 𐌰𐌻𐌻𐌹𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌺 𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱⟨𐌰⟩𐌹𐌸; 𐌰𐌸𐌸𐌰𐌽 𐌴𐌹𐍃, 𐌴𐌹 𐍂𐌹𐌿𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍀 𐌽𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰, 𐌹𐌸 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐌿𐌽𐍂𐌹𐌿𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌰.

     iþ ƕazuh saei haifstjan sniwiþ, allis sik gaþarb⟨a⟩iþ; aþþan eis, ei riurjana waip nimaina, iþ weis unriurjana.

     And every man that striveth for the mastery is temperate in all things. Now they do it to obtain a corruptible crown; but we an incorruptible. (KJV)

Conjugation

Class 3 weak
Infinitive	𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌽 gaþarbān
Indicative	Present	Past	Present passive
1st singular	𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰 gaþarba	𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 gaþarbaida	𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌳𐌰 gaþarbāda
2nd singular	𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍃 gaþarbais	𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌴𐍃 gaþarbaidēs	𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌶𐌰 gaþarbāza
3rd singular	𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 gaþarbaiþ	𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰 gaþarbaida	𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌳𐌰 gaþarbāda
1st dual	𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐍉𐍃 gaþarbōs	𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿 gaþarbaidēdu	—
2nd dual	𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐍄𐍃 gaþarbāts	𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐍄𐍃 gaþarbaidēduts	—
1st plural	𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌼 gaþarbām	𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌼 gaþarbaidēdum	𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 gaþarbānda
2nd plural	𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 gaþarbaiþ	𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌸 gaþarbaidēduþ	𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 gaþarbānda
3rd plural	𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳 gaþarbānd	𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌿𐌽 gaþarbaidēdun	𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰 gaþarbānda
Subjunctive	Present	Past	Present passive
1st singular	𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌿 gaþarbau	𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌿 gaþarbaidēdjau	𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 gaþarbaidau
2nd singular	𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍃 gaþarbais	𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍃 gaþarbaidēdeis	𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌶𐌰𐌿 gaþarbaizau
3rd singular	𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌹 gaþarbai	𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌹 gaþarbaidēdi	𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌰𐌿 gaþarbaidau
1st dual	𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌰 gaþarbaiwa	𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰 gaþarbaidēdeiwa	—
2nd dual	𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍄𐍃 gaþarbaits	𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍃 gaþarbaidēdeits	—
1st plural	𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌰 gaþarbaima	𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌼𐌰 gaþarbaidēdeima	𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 gaþarbaindau
2nd plural	𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 gaþarbaiþ	𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌸 gaþarbaidēdeiþ	𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 gaþarbaindau
3rd plural	𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰 gaþarbaina	𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌴𐌳𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 gaþarbaidēdeina	𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 gaþarbaindau
Imperative
2nd singular	𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌹 gaþarbai
3rd singular	𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌿 gaþarbādau
2nd dual	𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐍄𐍃 gaþarbāts
2nd plural	𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸 gaþarbaiþ
3rd plural	𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌿 gaþarbāndau
	Present	Past
Participles	𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 gaþarbānds	𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸𐍃 gaþarbaiþs

Related terms

• 𐌲𐌰𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌱𐍃 (gaþaurbs)
• 𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌱𐍃 (þarbs)

Further reading

• Streitberg, Wilhelm (1910). Die gotische Bibel. Zweiter Teil: Gotisch-griechisch-deutsches Wörterbuch. Heidelberg: Carl Winter’s Universitätsbuchhandlung, p. 145