Appendix:Hindi verbal derivation
Hindi has a productive verbal derivation process that is applied to both inherited and borrowed verbs. It is characterised by the use of certain suffixes as well as vowel gradation (ablaut).
Intransitive[edit]
Intransitive verbal derivations usually treat the subject as the lexical-semantic Patient or Theme of the verb, i.e. they are passive forms of the verb they are derived from; the subject is the one upon whom the verb acts.
These generally take the guṇa grade of their internal vowel. In case where the stem ends in a vowel, a -l- is inserted between the stem and ending for the passivized form.
| Vowel change | Original | New |
|---|---|---|
| ā→a | जागना (jāgnā, “to awaken”) | जगना (jagnā, “to wake up”) (less agentive) |
| ī→i | चीरना (cīrnā, “to split, rend”) | चिरना (cirnā, “to be split”) |
| ū→u | चूसना (cūsnā, “to suck”) | चुसना (cusnā, “to be sucked”) |
| e→i | छेड़ना (cheṛnā, “to tease, annoy”) | छिड़ना (chiṛnā, “to be teased, annoyed”) |
| ai→i | ||
| o→u | घोलना (gholnā, “to melt, cause to melt”) | घुलना (ghulnā, “to be melted, to melt by itself”) |
| धोना (dhonā, “to wash”) | धुलना (dhulnā, “to be washed”) | |
| au→u |
Transitive[edit]
These take either the vṛddhī grade or the suffix -आना (-ānā).
Causative[edit]
These take either the suffix -आना (-ānā) or -वाना (-vānā) on the intransitive form.
Second causative[edit]
These take the suffix -वाना (-vānā) on the intransitive form. Not every verb has one. Their meaning is of the form "to cause x to make y do something (to z)". The y is an animate, agentive instrument.
Deverbal[edit]
These take the root of the verb (i.e. without -ना (-nā)) to form a masculine or feminine noun.