Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hangistaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative forms

• *hanhistaz

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱanḱest-, *kankest- (“horse”). Cognate with Welsh caseg (“mare”), and Persian خنگ (xeng, “gray horse”). Compare also *hanhaz. (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈxɑŋ.ɡi.stɑz/

Noun

*hangistaz m

1. horse, stallion

Inflection

masculine a-stemDeclension of *hangistaz (masculine a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*hangistaz	*hangistōz, *hangistōs
vocative	*hangist	*hangistōz, *hangistōs
accusative	*hangistą	*hangistanz
genitive	*hangistas, *hangistis	*hangistǫ̂
dative	*hangistai	*hangistamaz
instrumental	*hangistō	*hangistamiz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *hangist
  • Old English: hengest, hengst
    • ⇒ Middle English: henxman, henxtman, henshman
      • English: henchman
        • → Scots: hanchman
      • Scots: hensman, henceman (obsolete)
  • Old Frisian: hengst, hangst, hanxt, hingst
    • North Frisian: hingst
    • Saterland Frisian: Houngst, Hoangst
    • West Frisian: hynst
      • ⇒ West Frisian: hynder
  • Old Saxon: hengist
    • Middle Low German: hengest, hingest, hengst, hingst
      • German Low German: Hingst
      • → Danish: hingst
      • → Lower Sorbian: hengist
      • → Norwegian: hingst
      • → Old Swedish: hingist
        • Swedish: hingst
  • Old Dutch: hengist
    • Middle Dutch: hengest, hinxt, henxt
      • Dutch: hengst
        • Afrikaans: hings
  • Old High German: hengist
    • Middle High German: hengest, hengst
      • Alemannic German: Hengscht
      • German: Hengst
      • Luxembourgish: Hengscht
      • Rhine Franconian:

        Pennsylvania German: Hengscht

• Proto-Norse: ᚺᚨᚷᛖᛋᛏᚢᛗᛦ (hagestumʀ /⁠hangistumʀ⁠/) (dative plural)
  • Old Norse: hestr (< *hanhistaz)
    • Icelandic: hestur
    • Faroese: hestur
    • Norn: hest
    • Middle Norwegian: hester
      • Norwegian Nynorsk: hest; (dialectal) hest’e, heist
    • Elfdalian: est
    • Old Swedish: hæster
      • Swedish: häst
    • Old Danish: hæst
      • Danish: hest
        • Norwegian Bokmål: hest
        • → Greenlandic: hiisti, hesti
      • Scanian: hæst
    • Gutnish: häst
    • → Scots: hest, hesten

Further reading

• Mees, Bernard. Early Germanic *hanha- ‘horse’ and *hanhistaz / *hangistaz ‘stallion’. In Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik, volume 80, issue 3, pp. 243–254. →DOI