Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hrapōną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kreb- (“to turn, bend, shrink, rotate, touch, attack”), from *(s)ker- (“to turn; bend”). Cognate with Lithuanian krapštyti (“to pick, peck, scratch, claw”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈxrɑ.pɔː.nɑ̃/

Verb

*hrapōną

1. to scratch, scrape
2. to graze, make contact (with), touch
3. to snatch

Inflection

Conjugation of *hrapōną (weak class 2)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hrapō	*hrapǭ	—	*hrapōi	?
2nd singular	*hrapōsi	*hrapōs	*hrapō	*hrapōsai	*hrapōsau
3rd singular	*hrapōþi	*hrapō	*hrapōþau	*hrapōþai	*hrapōþau
1st dual	*hrapōs	*hrapōw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*hrapōþiz	*hrapōþiz	*hrapōþiz	—	—
1st plural	*hrapōmaz	*hrapōm	—	*hrapōnþai	*hrapōnþau
2nd plural	*hrapōþ	*hrapōþ	*hrapōþ	*hrapōnþai	*hrapōnþau
3rd plural	*hrapōnþi	*hrapōn	*hrapōnþau	*hrapōnþai	*hrapōnþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hrapōdǭ	*hrapōdēdį̄
2nd singular	*hrapōdēz	*hrapōdēdīz
3rd singular	*hrapōdē	*hrapōdēdī
1st dual	*hrapōdēdū	*hrapōdēdīw
2nd dual	*hrapōdēdudiz	*hrapōdēdīdiz
1st plural	*hrapōdēdum	*hrapōdēdīm
2nd plural	*hrapōdēdud	*hrapōdēdīd
3rd plural	*hrapōdēdun	*hrapōdēdīn
	present	past
participles	*hrapōndz	*hrapōdaz

Related terms

• *hrapjaną
• *hrappō
• (possibly) *harpǭ

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *hrapōn
  • Old English: *hrapian, hrepian
    • Middle English: rapen, rappen, repen
      • English: rape, rap, repe
  • Old Frisian: *hrapia
    • Saterland Frisian: rappe
    • West Frisian: raepje
  • Old Saxon: *hrapon, hrappōn
    • Middle Low German: rapen, *rappen
      • Low German: rapen, rappen
  • Old Dutch: *rapon
    • Middle Dutch: rāpen
      • Dutch: rapen
  • Old High German: *hraffōn, *raffōn
    • Middle High German: raffen
      • German: raffen
      • Luxembourgish: rafen
    • → Vulgar Latin: *raffō
      • Galician: rafar
      • Italian: arraffare
      • → Old French: raffer, rafer
        • Middle English: *raffen
          • → English: raff
  • → Vulgar Latin: *frappō (see there for further descendants)
• Old Norse: hrapa
  • Swedish: rappa
  • Danish: rappe
• Gothic: *𐌷𐍂𐌰𐍀𐍉𐌽 (*hrapōn)
  • → Vulgar Latin: *rappō
    • Asturian: rapar
    • Old Galician-Portuguese: rapar
      • Galician: rapar
      • Portuguese: rapar
    • Spanish: rapar