Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kʷóteros
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This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From the interrogative determiner *kʷos (“which, what”) + *-teros (contrastive suffix).
Adjective[edit]
*kʷóteros (non-ablauting)
Inflection[edit]
| Thematic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | ||
| nominative | *kʷóteros | *kʷótereh₂ | |
| genitive | *kʷóterosyo | *kʷótereh₂s | |
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *kʷóteros | *kʷóteroh₁ | *kʷóteroes |
| vocative | *kʷótere | *kʷóteroh₁ | *kʷóteroes |
| accusative | *kʷóterom | *kʷóteroh₁ | *kʷóteroms |
| genitive | *kʷóterosyo | *? | *kʷóteroHom |
| ablative | *kʷóteread | *? | *kʷóteromos |
| dative | *kʷóteroey | *? | *kʷóteromos |
| locative | *kʷóterey, *kʷóteroy | *? | *kʷóteroysu |
| instrumental | *kʷóteroh₁ | *? | *kʷóterōys |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *kʷótereh₂ | *kʷótereh₂h₁(e) | *kʷótereh₂es |
| vocative | *kʷótereh₂ | *kʷótereh₂h₁(e) | *kʷótereh₂es |
| accusative | *kʷóterām | *kʷótereh₂h₁(e) | *kʷótereh₂m̥s |
| genitive | *kʷótereh₂s | *? | *kʷótereh₂oHom |
| ablative | *kʷótereh₂s | *? | *kʷótereh₂mos |
| dative | *kʷótereh₂ey | *? | *kʷótereh₂mos |
| locative | *kʷótereh₂, *kʷótereh₂i | *? | *kʷótereh₂su |
| instrumental | *kʷótereh₂h₁ | *? | *kʷótereh₂mis |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *kʷóterom | *kʷóteroy(h₁) | *kʷótereh₂ |
| vocative | *kʷóterom | *kʷóteroy(h₁) | *kʷótereh₂ |
| accusative | *kʷóterom | *kʷóteroy(h₁) | *kʷótereh₂ |
| genitive | *kʷóterosyo | *? | *kʷóteroHom |
| ablative | *kʷóteread | *? | *kʷóteromos |
| dative | *kʷóteroey | *? | *kʷóteromos |
| locative | *kʷóterey, *kʷóteroy | *? | *kʷóteroysu |
| instrumental | *kʷóteroh₁ | *? | *kʷóterōys |
Descendants[edit]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kat(e)ras[1][2]
- Proto-Germanic: *hwaþeraz[3][4] (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʷóteros[5]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kátaras
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *katarás
- Sanskrit: कतर (katará)
- Proto-Iranian: *kátaras
- Avestan: 𐬐𐬀𐬙𐬁𐬭𐬀 (katāra, “which of two”)
- Younger Avestan: 𐬐𐬀𐬙𐬁𐬭𐬀𐬯𐬗𐬌𐬝 (katārascit̰, “each of the two”) < *kʷoteros-kʷid
- Avestan: 𐬐𐬀𐬙𐬁𐬭𐬀 (katāra, “which of two”)
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *katarás
- Proto-Italic: *kʷoteros[6]
- Latin: uter
- Sabellic: *poterospid < *kʷoteros-kʷid
- Oscan: 𐌐𐌞𐌕𐌄𐌓𐌄𐌋𐌐𐌝𐌃 (púterelpíd, loc.sg.m.), 𐌐𐌞𐌕𐌞𐌓𐌞𐌔𐌐𐌝𐌃 (pútúrúspíd, nom.pl.m.), 𐌐𐌞𐌕𐌞𐌓𐌞𐌌𐌐𐌝𐌃 (pútúrúmpíd, “both”, gen.pl.m.)
- Umbrian: 𐌐𐌖𐌕𐌓𐌄𐌔𐌐𐌄 (putrespe, “both”, gen.sg.?)
References[edit]
- ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*koterъ, *kotorъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 240
- ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “katras”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 232
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 95
- ^ Philippa, Marlies, Debrabandere, Frans, Quak, Arend, Schoonheim, Tanneke, van der Sijs, Nicoline (2003–2009) “weer6”, in Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands[2] (in Dutch), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press
- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πότερος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1226
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “uter”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 646-647