Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/wŕ̥kah

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *wŕ̥kas, from Proto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷos. Cognate with Sanskrit वृक (vṛ́ka).

Noun

*wŕ̥kah m

1. wolf

Inflection

masculine a-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*wŕ̥kah	*wŕ̥kā	*wŕ̥kā
vocative	*wŕ̥ka	*wŕ̥kā	*wŕ̥kā
accusative	*wŕ̥kam	*wŕ̥kā	*wŕ̥kānh
instrumental	*wŕ̥kā	*wŕ̥kaybyaH	*wŕ̥kāyš
ablative	*wŕ̥kāt	*wŕ̥kaybyaH	*wŕ̥kaybyah
dative	*wŕ̥kāy	*wŕ̥kaybyaH	*wŕ̥kaybyah
genitive	*wŕ̥kahya	*wŕ̥kayāh	*wŕ̥kānam
locative	*wŕ̥kay	*wŕ̥kayaw	*wŕ̥kayšu

Derived terms

• *Wŕ̥kānah (“mythical founder of Narts”)
  • Avestan: 𐬬𐬆𐬵𐬭𐬐𐬁𐬥𐬀 (vəhrkāna)
  • Ossetian: Уӕрхӕг (Wærxæg)
  • Parthian: 𐭅𐭓𐭊𐭍 (wrkn /⁠Wurgān⁠/)
  • Old Persian: 𐎺𐎼𐎣𐎠𐎴 (v-r-k-a-n /⁠Varkāna⁠/)
    • Middle Persian: 𐭢𐭥𐭫𐭢𐭠𐭭 (gʿlgʾn /⁠Gurgān⁠/)
      • Persian: گرگان (gorgân)
  • → Ancient Greek: Ὑρκανία (Hurkanía) (see there for further descendants)
  • → Old Armenian: Վրկան (Vrkan)

Descendants

• Central Iranian:
  • Avestan: 𐬬𐬆𐬵𐬭𐬐𐬀 (vəhrka)
• Northeastern Iranian:
  • Khotanese: 𐨦𐨁𐨪𐨿𐨒𐨿𐨒 (birgga-)
  • Sogdo-Bactrian:
    • Khwarezmian: وریک (wry̆k)
    • Proto-Sogdic:
      • Sogdian: (/⁠wirk, wərk⁠/)

        Sogdian script: 𐼴𐼷𐽀𐼸 (wyrk)

        Syriac script: ܘܝܪܩ (wyrq)

      • Yagnobi: урк (urk)
• Southeastern Iranian:
  • Pashto: لېوه (lewə́), لیوه (lēwə́) (*wr̥kah > *wr̥a >*r̥wa >*l̥wa)
  • Proto-Sanglechi-Ishkashimi:
    • Ishkashimi: [script needed] (urk)
    • Sanglechi: [script needed] (wurk)
  • Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami-Munji:
    • Yidgha: ورغ (wurγ)
    • Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami: *wərḱ
      • Shughni: в̌ӯрҷ (wūrǰ)
      • Yazghulami: в̌арѓ (warǵ)
• Northwestern Iranian:
  • Baluchi: گرک (gurk), گورگ (gwarg)
  • Kurdish:

    Central Kurdish: گورگ (gurg), وورگ (wurg)

    Laki: گوِرگ (gwirg)

    Northern Kurdish: gur, gurg, wirg

    Southern Kurdish: گوِرگ (gwirg)

  • Medo-Parthian:
    • Caspian
      • Gilaki: ورگ (vərg), گۊرگ (gorg)
      • Old Mazanderani: ورگ (werg)
        • Mazanderani: ورگ (vərg, vorg)
    • Proto-Komisenian:
      • Sangisari: ورک (vark)
    • Old Median:
      • Old Azari: *ورگ (*wurg)
        • Karingani: ورگ (vorg)
        • Harzani: ورگ (vorg)
      • Tafreshi:
        • Amorehi: ورک (vork)
        • Ashtiani: ورگ (verg)
        • Vafsi: ورگ (vorg)
      • Talysh: (/⁠varg⁠/)

        Arabic script: ورگ

        Latin script: vərg

    • Parthian: 𐫃𐫇𐫡𐫃 (gwrg /⁠gurg⁠/)
    • Proto-Zaza-Gorani:
      • Gurani: ۋەرگ (ʋarg)
      • Zazaki: verg (varg)
• Southwest Iranian:
  • Old Persian: 𐎺𐎼𐎣 (v-r-k /⁠vr̥kaʰ⁠/)
    • Middle Persian: (/⁠gurg⁠/)

      Manichaean script: 𐫃𐫇𐫡𐫃 (gwrg)

      Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (gwlg)

      Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭢𐭥𐭫𐭢 (gʿlg)

      Pazend script: 𐬔𐬎𐬭𐬔 (gurg)

      • Classical Persian: گرگ (gurg)

        Dari: گرگ (gurg)

        Iranian Persian: گرگ (gorg)

        Tajik: гург (gurg)

      • Lurish

        Bakhtiari: گرگ (gorg)

        Northern Luri: گؤرگ (gorg)