Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/śamš-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Etymology

Compare Central Atlas Tamazight ⵓⵙⵎ (usm, “lightning”).

Noun

*śamš- m or f

1. sun

Inflection

Declension of *śamš-

Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*śamšum	*śamšāna	plural stem + *-ūna
Genitive	*śamšim	*śamšayna	plural stem + *-īna
Accusative	*śamšam
possessive forms
1st person	*śamšī / *śamšVya	—	*śamšVni
2nd person m	*śamšVka	*śamšVkumā / *śamšVkumay	*śamšVkum(ū)
2nd person f	*śamšVki		*śamšVkin(ā)
3rd person m	*śamšVšu	*śamšVšumā / *śamšVšumay	*śamšVšum(ū)
3rd person f	*śamšVša		*śamšVšin(ā)
Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible. Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *śamšuya for nom. case, *śamšiya for gen. case, *śamšaya for acc. case, etc. Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *śamš- Singular Dual Plural Nominative *śamšuka *śamšāka plural stem + *-ūka Genitive *śamšika *śamšayka plural stem + *-īka Accusative *śamšaka Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *śamš- Singular Dual Plural Nominative *śamšuki *śamšāki plural stem + *-ūki Genitive *śamšiki *śamšayki plural stem + *-īki Accusative *śamšaki

Declension of *śamš-

Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*śamšum	*śamšāna	*śamšātum
Genitive	*śamšim	*śamšayna	*śamšātim
Accusative	*śamšam
possessive forms
1st person	*śamšī / *śamšVya	—	*śamšVni
2nd person m	*śamšVka	*śamšVkumā / *śamšVkumay	*śamšVkum(ū)
2nd person f	*śamšVki		*śamšVkin(ā)
3rd person m	*śamšVšu	*śamšVšumā / *śamšVšumay	*śamšVšum(ū)
3rd person f	*śamšVša		*śamšVšin(ā)
Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible. Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *śamšuya for nom. case, *śamšiya for gen. case, *śamšaya for acc. case, etc. Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *śamš- Singular Dual Plural Nominative *śamšuka *śamšāka *śamšātuka Genitive *śamšika *śamšayka *śamšātika Accusative *śamšaka Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *śamš- Singular Dual Plural Nominative *śamšuki *śamšāki *śamšātuki Genitive *śamšiki *śamšayki *śamšātiki Accusative *śamšaki

Descendants

• East Semitic:
  • Akkadian: 𒌓 (šamšum)
• West Semitic:
  • Central Semitic:
    • Arabic: شَمْس (šams)
      • Gulf Arabic: شمس (šams)
      • Maltese: xemx
      • Moroccan Arabic: شمش (šamš), شمس (šams)
      • South Levantine Arabic: شمس (šams)
      • → Classical Persian: شَمْس (šams)
        • → Chagatai:
          • Uzbek: shams
        • → Hindustani:

          Hindi: शम्स (śams)

          Urdu: شَمْس (śams)

      • → Malay: syamsi, syamsu
        • Indonesian: syamsi
      • → Ottoman Turkish: شمس (şems)
        • Turkish: şems
    • Northwest Semitic:
      • Aramaic:

        Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: שִׁמְשָׁא (šimšā)

        • Classical Syriac: ܫܶܡܫܳܐ (šemšā)
      • Canaanite:
        • Hebrew: שֶׁמֶשׁ (shémesh, šémeš)
        • Phoenician: 𐤔𐤌𐤔 (šmš)
          • Punic: 𐤔𐤌𐤔 (šmš)
      • Ugaritic: 𐎌𐎔𐎌 (špš /⁠šapšu⁠/)
    • Old South Arabian:
      • Minaean: 𐩦𐩣𐩪 (s²ms¹)
      • Qatabanian: 𐩦𐩣𐩪 (s²ms¹)
      • Sabaean: 𐩦𐩣𐩪 (s²ms¹)
  • Ethiopian Semitic:
    • Tigre: ሸምሽ (šämš)