Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/kǫsъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *kanˀdas, akin to Lithuanian ką́sti (“to bite”), Latvian kuôst (“to bite”), further Ancient Greek κνώδων (knṓdōn, “type of sword”).

Adjective

*kǫsъ

1. truncated

   Synonyms: *kъrnъ, *xudъ

   → short, brief

   → tailless (for animal)

Declension

Indefinite declension of *kǫsъ (hard)

singular	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*kǫsъ	*kǫsa	*kǫso
genitive	*kǫsa	*kǫsy	*kǫsa
dative	*kǫsu	*kǫsě	*kǫsu
accusative	*kǫsъ	*kǫsǫ	*kǫso
instrumental	*kǫsomь	*kǫsojǫ	*kǫsomь
locative	*kǫsě	*kǫsě	*kǫsě
vocative	*kǫse	*kǫso	*kǫso
dual	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*kǫsa	*kǫsě	*kǫsě
genitive	*kǫsu	*kǫsu	*kǫsu
dative	*kǫsoma	*kǫsama	*kǫsoma
accusative	*kǫsa	*kǫsě	*kǫsě
instrumental	*kǫsoma	*kǫsama	*kǫsoma
locative	*kǫsu	*kǫsu	*kǫsu
vocative	*kǫsa	*kǫsě	*kǫsě
plural	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*kǫsi	*kǫsy	*kǫsa
genitive	*kǫsъ	*kǫsъ	*kǫsъ
dative	*kǫsomъ	*kǫsamъ	*kǫsomъ
accusative	*kǫsy	*kǫsy	*kǫsa
instrumental	*kǫsy	*kǫsami	*kǫsy
locative	*kǫsěxъ	*kǫsaxъ	*kǫsěxъ
vocative	*kǫsi	*kǫsy	*kǫsa

Definite declension of *kǫsъ (hard)

singular	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*kǫsъjь	*kǫsaja	*kǫsoje
genitive	*kǫsajego	*kǫsyję̇	*kǫsajego
dative	*kǫsujemu	*kǫsěji	*kǫsujemu
accusative	*kǫsъjь	*kǫsǫjǫ	*kǫsoje
instrumental	*kǫsyjimь	*kǫsǫjǫ	*kǫsyjimь
locative	*kǫsějemь	*kǫsěji	*kǫsějemь
vocative	*kǫsъjь	*kǫsaja	*kǫsoje
dual	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*kǫsaja	*kǫsěji	*kǫsěji
genitive	*kǫsuju	*kǫsuju	*kǫsuju
dative	*kǫsyjima	*kǫsyjima	*kǫsyjima
accusative	*kǫsaja	*kǫsěji	*kǫsěji
instrumental	*kǫsyjima	*kǫsyjima	*kǫsyjima
locative	*kǫsuju	*kǫsuju	*kǫsuju
vocative	*kǫsaja	*kǫsěji	*kǫsěji
plural	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*kǫsiji	*kǫsyję̇	*kǫsaja
genitive	*kǫsъjixъ	*kǫsъjixъ	*kǫsъjixъ
dative	*kǫsyjimъ	*kǫsyjimъ	*kǫsyjimъ
accusative	*kǫsyję̇	*kǫsyję̇	*kǫsaja
instrumental	*kǫsyjimi	*kǫsyjimi	*kǫsyjimi
locative	*kǫsyjixъ	*kǫsyjixъ	*kǫsyjixъ
vocative	*kǫsiji	*kǫsyję̇	*kǫsaja

Derived terms

• *sъkǫsiti, *pokǫsiti (“to shorten”)
• *kǫsakъ (“short dress, object”)
• *vъzkǫsъ (“ultra short”)
• *jьzkǫsъ (“strict, narrow”)
• *kǫso-
  • *kǫsoględъ (“short-sighted”)
  • *kǫsoumъ (“forgetful, with short memory”)

Related terms

• *kucъ (“tailless, limped, crippled”) (expressive)

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: кꙋсꙑи (kusyi)
    • Russian: кусо́й (kusój) (dialectal)
    • Ukrainian: ку́сий (kúsyj)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic:

    Old Cyrillic script: кѫсъ (kǫsŭ)

    Glagolitic script: ⰽⱘⱄⱏ (kǫsŭ)

  • Bulgarian: къс (kǎs)
  • Macedonian: кус (kus)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: ку̑с

    Latin script: kȗs

• West Slavic:
  • Czech: kusý
  • Polish: kęsy, kusy
  • Slovak: kusý
  • Sorbian:
    • Lower Sorbian: kušy (“tailless”)
    • Upper Sorbian: kuṡi (“short”)

Further reading

• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “ку́цый”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
• Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1985), “*kǫsъ(jь)”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 12 (*koulъkъ – *kroma/*kromъ), Moscow: Nauka, page 67
• Melnychuk, O. S., editor (1989), “кусий”, in Етимологічний словник української мови [Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language] (in Ukrainian), volumes 3 (Кора – М), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, →ISBN, page 160
• Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1986), “къс²”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volumes 3 (крес¹ – мѝнго¹), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, page 227

Noun

*kǫ̑sъ m

1. bite

   Synonyms: *xapъ, *gryzъ

2. piece, bit, chunk

Declension

Declension of *kǫ̑sъ (hard o-stem, accent paradigm c)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*kǫ̑sъ	*kǫ̑sa	*kǫ̑si
genitive	*kǫ̑sa	*kǫsù	*kǫ̃sъ
dative	*kǫ̑su	*kǫsomà	*kǫsòmъ
accusative	*kǫ̑sъ	*kǫ̑sa	*kǫ̑sy
instrumental	*kǫ̑sъmь, *kǫ̑somь*	*kǫsomà	*kǫsý
locative	*kǫ̑sě	*kǫsù	*kǫsě̃xъ
vocative	*kǫse	*kǫ̑sa	*kǫ̑si

^* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

Derived terms

• *kǫsъkъ, *kǫsьcь (diminutive)
• *kǫsica
• *kǫšьjь (“slice, chunk (of bread, meat)”)

Related terms

• *kǫsati (“to bite, to truncate”), *kǫsnǫti (“to bite off”)
• *čęstь (“part”)
• *kǫdъkъ (“piece”)

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: кꙋсъ (kusŭ)
    • Belarusian: кус (kus)
    • Russian: кус (kus) (dialectal)
    • Ukrainian: кус (kus)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic:

    Old Cyrillic script: кѫсъ (kǫsŭ)

    Glagolitic script: ⰽⱘⱄⱏ (kǫsŭ)

  • Bulgarian: къс (kǎs); (dialectal) кус (kus)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: ку̑с

    Latin script: kȗs

  • Slovene: kọ̑s (tonal orthography)
• West Slavic:
  • Czech: kus
  • Polabian: kǫs
  • Polish: kęs
  • Slovak: kus
  • Sorbian:
    • Lower Sorbian: kus
    • Upper Sorbian: kus

Further reading

• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “ку́с”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
• Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1985), “*kǫsъ”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 12 (*koulъkъ – *kroma/*kromъ), Moscow: Nauka, page 67
• Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1986), “къс¹”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volumes 3 (крес¹ – мѝнго¹), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, page 227