Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/tvarь

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *twōrˀ-, from Proto-Indo-European *twōrH-, equivalent to *tvoriti +‎ *-ь. Cognate with Lithuanian tvorà (“fence”).

Noun

*tvȃrь f

1. creation, creature
2. (West Slavic) face

Declension

Declension of *tvȃrь (i-stem, accent paradigm c)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*tvȃrь	*tvȃri	*tvȃri
genitive	*tvarí	*tvarьjù, *tvařu*	*tvarь̀jь
dative	*tvȃri	*tvarьmà	*tvȃrьmъ
accusative	*tvȃrь	*tvȃri	*tvȃri
instrumental	*tvarьjǫ́	*tvarьmà	*tvarьmì
locative	*tvarí	*tvarьjù, *tvařu*	*tvȃrьxъ
vocative	*tvari	*tvȃri	*tvȃri

^* The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

Related terms

• *tvoriti (“to make”)
• *tvȏrъ (“creation, creature”)
• *tvь̑rdъ (“firm, hard, solid”)
• *tvьrdь (“citadel, firmament”)

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: тварь (tvarĭ)
    • Old Ruthenian: тваръ (tvar)
      • Belarusian: твар (tvar, “face”)
      • Ukrainian: твар (tvar, “face”)
    • Russian: тварь (tvarʹ)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic:

    Glagolitic script: ⱅⰲⰰⱃⱐ (tvarĭ)

    Old Cyrillic script: тварь (tvarĭ)

    • Bulgarian: твар (tvar) (literary)
    • Macedonian: твар (tvar) (dated)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: тва̑р

    Latin script: tvȃr

• West Slavic:
  • Kashubian: twôrz
  • Old Czech: tvář
    • Czech: tvář
  • Old Polish: twarz
    • Polish: twarz
    • Silesian: twŏrz
  • Slovak: tvár (“face”)
  • Sorbian:
    • Lower Sorbian: twaŕ
    • Upper Sorbian: twaŕ

Further reading

• Derksen, Rick (2008) “*tvȃrь”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 500
• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “тварь”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress