Egyptian [ edit ]
Etymology [ edit ]
Compare Arabic سَفَر ( safar )
Pronunciation [ edit ]
3-lit.
( intransitive ) to arrive (+ r : to arrive at, to get to (some place), to reach (someone))
c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE ,
Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 173–174:
spr.n .n r ẖnw ḥr ꜣbd snwj mj ḏdt.n.f nbtWe arrived home in two months like everything he had said.
c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE ,
Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) line 22:
jr ḏwt r šd-ḫrw wd qn zp.f spr (.w) r.f Evil has been done to the Disturber (Set), he who committed violence; his misdeed has caught up with him.
( transitive ) to reach , to get to (some place)
Inflection [ edit ]
Conjugation of spr (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: spr , geminated stem: sprr
infinitival forms
imperative
infinitive
negatival complement
complementary infinitive1
singular
plural
spr
sprw , spr
sprt
spr
spr
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem
periphrastic imperfective 2
periphrastic prospective 2
spr
ḥr spr
m spr
r spr
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood
active
passive
contingent
aspect / mood
active
passive
perfect
spr.n
sprw , spr
consecutive
spr.jn
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
terminative
sprt
perfective 3
spr
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
obligative1
spr.ḫr
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
imperfective
spr
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
prospective 3
spr
sprr
potentialis1
spr.kꜣ
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
subjunctive
spr
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood
relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
participles
active
passive
active
passive
perfect
spr.n
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
—
—
perfective
spr
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
spr
spr , sprw 5 , spry 5
imperfective
spr , spry , sprw 5
active + .tj 1 , .tw 2
spr , sprj 6 , spry 6
spr , sprw 5
prospective
spr , sprtj 7
—
sprtj 4 , sprt 4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f /.fj , feminine .s /.sj , dual .sn /.snj , plural .sn .
Only in the masculine singular.
Only in the masculine.
Only in the feminine.
Alternative forms [ edit ]
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of spr
spr
spr
spr
[Old Kingdom]
[Old Kingdom]
[since the Middle Kingdom]
Derived terms [ edit ]
3-lit.
( intransitive ) to petition , to appeal (+ n : to; + ḥr : against or about (something))
Inflection [ edit ]
Conjugation of spr (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: spr , geminated stem: sprr
infinitival forms
imperative
infinitive
negatival complement
complementary infinitive1
singular
plural
spr
sprw , spr
sprt
spr
spr
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem
periphrastic imperfective 2
periphrastic prospective 2
spr
ḥr spr
m spr
r spr
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood
active
contingent
aspect / mood
active
perfect
spr.n
consecutive
spr.jn
terminative
sprt
perfective 3
spr
obligative1
spr.ḫr
imperfective
spr
prospective 3
spr
potentialis1
spr.kꜣ
subjunctive
spr
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood
relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms
participles
active
active
passive
perfect
spr.n
—
—
perfective
spr
spr
spr , sprw 5 , spry 5
imperfective
spr , spry , sprw 5
spr , sprj 6 , spry 6
spr , sprw 5
prospective
spr , sprtj 7
sprtj 4 , sprt 4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f /.fj , feminine .s /.sj , dual .sn /.snj , plural .sn .
Only in the masculine singular.
Only in the masculine.
Only in the feminine.
Alternative forms [ edit ]
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of spr
Derived terms [ edit ]
m
rib of a human or animal
ribs as food
Inflection [ edit ]
Declension of spr (masculine)
Alternative forms [ edit ]
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of spr
Descendants [ edit ]
Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲫⲓⲣ ( sphir )
Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲡⲓⲣ ( spir )
References [ edit ]
Erman, Adolf , Grapow, Hermann (1930 ) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache [1] , volume 4, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN , pages 101.10–104.3
Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962 ) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian , Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN , page 223
James P[eter] Allen (2010 ) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs , 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN , pages 87, 196, 239 .
Hoch, James (1997 ) Middle Egyptian Grammar , Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN , pages 129, 163