χαλεπός

Ancient Greek

Etymology

Unknown, perhaps Pre-Greek.

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /kʰa.le.pós/ → /xa.leˈpos/ → /xa.leˈpos/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /kʰa.le.pós/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /kʰa.leˈpos/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /xa.leˈpos/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /xa.leˈpos/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /xa.leˈpos/

Adjective

χᾰλεπός • (khalepós) m (feminine χᾰλεπή, neuter χᾰλεπόν); first/second declension

1. difficult, hard
   • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.59.3:

     ὅπερ δὲ ἀναγκαῖόν τε καὶ χαλεπώτατον τοῖς ὧδε ἔχουσι, λόγου τελευτᾶν

     hóper dè anankaîón te kaì khalepṓtaton toîs hôde ékhousi, lógou teleutân

     Finally, to do what is necessary and yet most difficult for men in our situation—that is, to make an end of speaking

2. hard to bear, painful, grievous
   • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 14.417:

     τὸν δ’ οὔ περ ἔχει θράσος ὅς κεν ἴδηται ἐγγὺς ἐών, χαλεπὸς δὲ Διὸς μεγάλοιο κεραυνός

     tòn d’ oú per ékhei thrásos hós ken ídētai engùs eṓn, khalepòs dè Diòs megáloio keraunós

     Then verily courage no longer possesseth him that looketh thereon and standeth near by, for dread is the bolt of great Zeus

3. hard to deal with, cruel, harsh, stern
   • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 2.232:

     μή τις ἔτι πρόφρων ἀγανὸς καὶ ἤπιος ἔστω σκηπτοῦχος βασιλεύς […] ἀλλ’ αἰεὶ χαλεπός τ’ εἴη καὶ αἴσυλα ῥέζοι:

     mḗ tis éti próphrōn aganòs kaì ḗpios éstō skēptoûkhos basileús […] all’ aieì khalepós t’ eíē kaì aísula rhézoi:

     Never henceforth let sceptred king with a ready heart be kind and gentle […] but let him ever be harsh and work unrighteousness.

   • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 2.245:

     καί μιν ὑπόδρα ἰδὼν χαλεπῷ ἠνίπαπε μύθῳ:

     kaí min hupódra idṑn khalepôi ēnípape múthōi:

     And with an angry glance Odysseus chid him with harsh words.

4. savage, fierce
   • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 5.8.24:

     τοὺς μὲν γὰρ κύνας τοὺς χαλεποὺς τὰς μὲν ἡμέρας διδέασι, τὰς δὲ νύκτας ἀφιᾶσι

     toùs mèn gàr kúnas toùs khalepoùs tàs mèn hēméras didéasi, tàs dè núktas aphiâsi

     For dogs that are savage are tied up by day and let loose by night.

Inflection

First and second declension of χᾰλεπός; χᾰλεπή; χᾰλεπόν (Attic)

Number		Singular				Dual				Plural
Case/Gender		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative		χᾰλεπός khalepós	χᾰλεπή khalepḗ	χᾰλεπόν khalepón		χᾰλεπώ khalepṓ	χᾰλεπᾱ́ khalepā́	χᾰλεπώ khalepṓ		χᾰλεποί khalepoí	χᾰλεπαί khalepaí	χᾰλεπᾰ́ khalepá
Genitive		χᾰλεποῦ khalepoû	χᾰλεπῆς khalepês	χᾰλεποῦ khalepoû		χᾰλεποῖν khalepoîn	χᾰλεπαῖν khalepaîn	χᾰλεποῖν khalepoîn		χᾰλεπῶν khalepôn	χᾰλεπῶν khalepôn	χᾰλεπῶν khalepôn
Dative		χᾰλεπῷ khalepôi	χᾰλεπῇ khalepêi	χᾰλεπῷ khalepôi		χᾰλεποῖν khalepoîn	χᾰλεπαῖν khalepaîn	χᾰλεποῖν khalepoîn		χᾰλεποῖς khalepoîs	χᾰλεπαῖς khalepaîs	χᾰλεποῖς khalepoîs
Accusative		χᾰλεπόν khalepón	χᾰλεπήν khalepḗn	χᾰλεπόν khalepón		χᾰλεπώ khalepṓ	χᾰλεπᾱ́ khalepā́	χᾰλεπώ khalepṓ		χᾰλεπούς khalepoús	χᾰλεπᾱ́ς khalepā́s	χᾰλεπᾰ́ khalepá
Vocative		χᾰλεπέ khalepé	χᾰλεπή khalepḗ	χᾰλεπόν khalepón		χᾰλεπώ khalepṓ	χᾰλεπᾱ́ khalepā́	χᾰλεπώ khalepṓ		χᾰλεποί khalepoí	χᾰλεπαί khalepaí	χᾰλεπᾰ́ khalepá
Derived forms		Adverb				Comparative				Superlative
		χᾰλεπῶς khalepôs				χᾰλεπώτερος khalepṓteros				χᾰλεπώτᾰτος khalepṓtatos
Notes:		This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

First and second declension of χᾰλεπός; χᾰλεπή; χᾰλεπόν (Epic)

Number		Singular				Dual				Plural
Case/Gender		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative		χᾰλεπός khalepós	χᾰλεπή khalepḗ	χᾰλεπόν khalepón		χᾰλεπώ khalepṓ	χᾰλεπᾱ́ khalepā́	χᾰλεπώ khalepṓ		χᾰλεποί khalepoí	χᾰλεπαί khalepaí	χᾰλεπᾰ́ khalepá
Genitive		χᾰλεποῦ / χᾰλεποῖο / χᾰλεπόο khalepoû / khalepoîo / khalepóo	χᾰλεπῆς khalepês	χᾰλεποῦ / χᾰλεποῖο / χᾰλεπόο khalepoû / khalepoîo / khalepóo		χᾰλεποῖῐν khalepoîin	χᾰλεπαῖν / χᾰλεπαῖῐν / χᾰλεπῇῐν khalepaî(i)n / khalepêiin	χᾰλεποῖῐν khalepoîin		χᾰλεπῶν khalepôn	χᾰλεπᾱ́ων / χᾰλεπέ͜ων / χᾰλεπῶν khalepā́ōn / khalepé͜ōn / khalepôn	χᾰλεπῶν khalepôn
Dative		χᾰλεπῷ khalepôi	χᾰλεπῇ khalepêi	χᾰλεπῷ khalepôi		χᾰλεποῖῐν khalepoîin	χᾰλεπαῖν / χᾰλεπαῖῐν / χᾰλεπῇῐν khalepaî(i)n / khalepêiin	χᾰλεποῖῐν khalepoîin		χᾰλεποῖσῐ / χᾰλεποῖσῐν / χᾰλεποῖς khalepoîsi(n) / khalepoîs	χᾰλεπῇσῐ / χᾰλεπῇσῐν / χᾰλεπῇς / χᾰλεπαῖς khalepêisi(n) / khalepêis / khalepaîs	χᾰλεποῖσῐ / χᾰλεποῖσῐν / χᾰλεποῖς khalepoîsi(n) / khalepoîs
Accusative		χᾰλεπόν khalepón	χᾰλεπήν khalepḗn	χᾰλεπόν khalepón		χᾰλεπώ khalepṓ	χᾰλεπᾱ́ khalepā́	χᾰλεπώ khalepṓ		χᾰλεπούς khalepoús	χᾰλεπᾱ́ς khalepā́s	χᾰλεπᾰ́ khalepá
Vocative		χᾰλεπέ khalepé	χᾰλεπή khalepḗ	χᾰλεπόν khalepón		χᾰλεπώ khalepṓ	χᾰλεπᾱ́ khalepā́	χᾰλεπώ khalepṓ		χᾰλεποί khalepoí	χᾰλεπαί khalepaí	χᾰλεπᾰ́ khalepá
Derived forms		Adverb				Comparative				Superlative
		χᾰλεπῶς khalepôs				χᾰλεπώτερος khalepṓteros				χᾰλεπώτᾰτος khalepṓtatos
Notes:		Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution.

Synonyms

• (difficult): ἐργώδης (ergṓdēs)
• (harsh, cruel): ᾰ̓μείλικτος (ameíliktos)

Antonyms

• (antonym(s) of “difficult”): ῥᾴδιος (rhā́idios)

Derived terms

• ᾰ̓ντῐχᾰλεπαίνω (antikhalepaínō)
• ᾰ̓χᾰλέπως (akhalépōs)
• ἐπῐχᾰλεπαίνω (epikhalepaínō)
• πᾰγχᾰ́λεπος (pankhálepos)
• σῠγχᾰλεπαίνω (sunkhalepaínō)
• τρῐχᾰ́λεπτος (trikháleptos)
• ῠ̔ποχᾰλεπαίνω (hupokhalepaínō)
• χᾰλεπαίνω (khalepaínō)
• χᾰλεπότης (khalepótēs)
• χᾰλέπτω (khaléptō)
• χᾰλεπῶς (khalepôs)
• χᾰλεπώτᾰτᾰ (khalepṓtata)
• χᾰλεπωτέρως (khalepōtérōs)

 

See also

• ᾰ̓́πορος (áporos)
• δῠσ- (dus-)

Further reading

• “χαλεπός”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “χαλεπός”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “χαλεπός”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
• χαλεπός in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
• χαλεπός in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
• “χαλεπός”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
• G5467 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
• Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎^[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
  • acute idem, page 10.
  • angry idem, page 29.
  • arduous idem, page 39.
  • austere idem, page 53.
  • awkward idem, page 56.
  • bitter idem, page 80.
  • burdensome idem, page 104.
  • cruel idem, page 187.
  • cumbersome idem, page 189.
  • dangerous idem, page 194.
  • difficult idem, page 223.
  • discontented idem, page 230.
  • exacting idem, page 286.
  • ferocious idem, page 316.
  • fierce idem, page 318.
  • furious idem, page 350.
  • hard idem, page 385.
  • harsh idem, page 387.
  • hazardous idem, page 389.
  • indignant idem, page 433.
  • intractable idem, page 454.
  • laborious idem, page 472.
  • malignant idem, page 510.
  • mischievous idem, page 533.
  • miserable idem, page 533.
  • onerous idem, page 574.
  • perilous idem, page 607.
  • resentful idem, page 701.
  • restive idem, page 705.
  • rigid idem, page 715.
  • rigorous idem, page 715.
  • rough idem, page 722.
  • rugged idem, page 725.
  • savage idem, page 735.
  • serious idem, page 754.
  • severe idem, page 759.
  • sinister idem, page 779.
  • stern idem, page 816.
  • stiff idem, page 817.
  • stirring idem, page 818.
  • stony idem, page 819.
  • testy idem, page 863.
  • thorny idem, page 867.
  • threatening idem, page 869.
  • tiresome idem, page 878.
  • toilsome idem, page 880.
  • troublesome idem, page 897.
  • trying idem, page 899.
  • unaccomodating idem, page 906.
  • unbending idem, page 908.
  • uneven idem, page 916.
  • unfortunate idem, page 918.
  • unkind idem, page 923.
  • unsafe idem, page 930.
  • vexatious idem, page 950.
  • vicious idem, page 950.
  • wearisome idem, page 970.
  • wrathful idem, page 992.