Appendix:Tuvan verbs
This appendix page discusses the conjugation of Tuvan verbs.
Forms[edit]
Present-future[edit]
This tense formed by the suffix -ир (-ir)/-ер (-er) (the latter can be found in some verbs). The formation of the present future tense can be often unpredictable when formed from the verb stem, because it not just involve the choice between the two suffixes (close or open), but also the deletion of consonants between two adjacent vowels (see below), and in few extreme exceptions it do not follow the previous rules (оттур (ottur), одунмас (odunmas)). This can be vice versa. This tense is the lemma (citation form) for verbs.
| Back unrounded | Back rounded | Front unrounded | Front rounded | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type A | -ыр (-ır) | -ур (-ur) | -ир (-ir) | -үр (-ür) |
| Type B | -ар (-ar) | -ер (-er) | ||
After vowels, -VHr (-V- and -H- denotes vowels and its high counterparts, respectively) simplifies to -VVr, for example бижиир (bijiir) (stem бижи-). Consonants with two adjacent vowels in the sequences -aCı-, -eCi, -oCu-, and -öCü- (-C- denotes consonants) may subject to the consonant deletion and changes of high vowels to low vowel (*чор-ур (*çor-ur) → чоор (çoor, “to go”)), but sometimes all both of these forms (non-deleted forms) are allowed (келир, кээр (kelir, keer, “to come”)).[1]
Personal inflection[edit]
| Back unrounded | Back rounded | Front unrounded | Front rounded | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Main clause | |||||
| 1st singular | мен (men) | ||||
| 2nd singular | сен (sen) | ||||
| 3rd singular | (ол (ol)) | ||||
| 1st plural | бис (bis) | ||||
| 2nd plural | силер (siler) | ||||
| 3rd plural | Voiced/vocalic | (-лар (-lar)) | (-лер (-ler)) | ||
| Voiceless | (-тар (-tar)) | (-тер (-ter)) | |||
| Nasal | (-нар (-nar)) | (-нер (-ner)) | |||
| After -л | (-дар (-dar)) | (-дар (-dar)) | |||
Principal parts[edit]
Because the present-future tense is unpredictable, there is effectively three principal parts, that it is the present-future, its negative counterpart, and the past I forms (the latter is in fact can be derived from the negative present-future).
| Principal parts | ||
|---|---|---|
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd |
| келир (kelir) | келбес (kelbes) | келген (kelgen) |
| үнер (üner) | үнмес (ünmes) | үнген (üngen) |
| Verbs with devoicing | ||
| ажар (ajar) | ашпас (aşpas) | ашкан (aşkan) |
| согар (sogar) | сокпас (sokpas) | соккан (sokkan) |
| тодар (todar) | тотпас (totpas) | тоткан (totkan) |
| Verbs with consonant loss | ||
| көөр (köör) | көрбас (körbas) | көрган (körgan) |
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^ Note that long -e- in Cyrillic is written as -ээ- instead of -ее- to prevent being pronounced as */ɛjɛ/ instead of /ɛː/.