Citations:Russian Manchuria

English citations of Russian Manchuria

Russian Manchuria (Russia)

					1867 1868 1870s 1880s 1890s	1900s 1910s 1920 1933 1949 1950s 1967 1980s 1991	2000s 2010s 2022 2023
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(The part of Manchuria (under a larger understanding of the scope of Manchuria) that is part of Russia)

• 1867 [1867 June 24], W. V. Lloyd, “Notes on the Russian Harbours on the Coast of Manchuria.”, in The Journal of the Royal Geographic Society of London‎^[1], volume 37, London: John Murray, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 229:

  On Saturday, the 4th of August, we steamed to the outer harbour of Olga Bay, after spending four days under sail on our passage from Nakhodka Harbour, a distance of about 120 miles.
  This is another of the many beautiful harbours that fringe the coast of Russian Manchuria. It is formed of an outer and inner, or as it is called the “careening” harbour, within which lies the settlement.

• 1868 October, “The Russians in Manchuria”, in New Monthly Magazine‎^[2], volume CXLIII, number DLXXVIV, page 377:

  In 1866, Her Majesty’s ship Scylla, Captain Courtenay, left Nagasaki, Japan, on the 20th of July, with orders to visit the different Russian settlements on the coast of Manchuria, and we are indebted to the Rev. W. V. Lloyd for an excellent account of the trip, given in the thirty-seventh volume of the Journal of the Royal Geographical Society—an account which is further illustrated by a map of Russian Manchuria.

• 1874 December 10 [1874 November 27], A Northern Resident, “Corea and its Influence on China, and the Influence that Russia has on Both.”, in North-China Herald‎^[3], volume XIII, number 396, page 573, column 1:

  So completely does this destroy all tendency to enterprise in the individual, that when a number of Coreans, to escape famine—which was largely brought about by the same repressive system—fled to Passiet, the frontier town between Corea and Russian Manchuria, they could not at first be prevailed on to work for more than their daily needs.

• 1879 January 15, “OPIUM IN CHINA.”, in The Chemist and Druggist‎^[4], volume XXI, number 1, page 29, column 2:

  In Russian Manchuria, in the strip of country lying on the sea-board between the Amoor and Corea, the poppy is not grown, and no opium is allowed to enter that territory."

• 1880 [1879 August 19], “Consul Davenport to Sir T. Wade.”, in Commercial Reports by Her Majesty's Consuls in China: 1878‎^[5], London: Harrison and Sons, →OCLC, page 2:

  Japan took goods to the value of 1,689,840 taels, and the port of Vladivastock, in Russian Manchuria, between which and Shanghae a steamer runs during the summer months, goods to the value of 32,893 taels.

• 1882, William Elliot Griffis, “Preface”, in Corea: The Hermit Nation‎^[6], New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, →OCLC, page vii‎^[7]:

  I also thank Mr. Charles Lanman, Secretary of the Legation of Japan in Washington, for four ferrotypes taken in Seoul in 1878 by members of the Japanese embassy ; Mr. D. R. Clark, of the United States Transit of Venus Survey, for four photographs of the Corean villages in Russian Manchuria ; Mr. R. Idéura, of Tōkiō, for a set of photographs of Kang-wa and vicinity, taken in 1876, and Mr. Ozawa Nankoku, for sketches of Corean articles in Japanese museums.

• 1886, “SAGHALIN, or SAKHALIN”, in The Encyclopædia Britannica‎^[8], 9th edition, volume XXI, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, page 147, column 1:

  SAGHALIN, or SAKHALIN, is the name improperly given to a large elongated island in the North Pacific, lying between 45° 57' and 54° 24' N. lat. and 141° 30' and 144° 50' E. long., off the coast of Russian Manchuria. Its proper name is Karaftu, or Karafuto.

• 1889 January, “The Defensive Policy of China”, in Edinburgh Review or Critical Review‎^[9], number CCCXLV, →OCLC, page 180:

  Vladivostock, the most southern port of Russian Manchuria, is icebound for six months out of every twelve, and hence the absorbing desire of the authorities to advance so far southward as to secure a good and open harbour.

• 1898, Isabella Bird Bishop, Korea and Her Neighbors‎^[10], Yonsei University Press, published 1970, →OCLC, pages 223, 242-243:

  THE chief object of my visit to Russian Manchuria was to settle for myself by personal investigation the vexed question of the condition of those Koreans who have found shelter under the Russian flag, a number estimated in Seoul at 20,000. […]
  When China ceded to Russia in 1860 the region which we call Russian Manchuria, she probably did so in ignorance of its vast agricultural capacities and mineral wealth. […]
  Grass, timber, water, coal, minerals, a soil as rich as the prairies of Illinois, and a climate not only favorable to agriculture but to human health, all await the settler, and the broad, unoccupied, and fertile lands which Russian Manchuria offers are clamoring for inhabitants.

• 1899, D. Aïtoff, “The Russian Empire”, in Hugh Robert Mill, transl., edited by Hugh Robert Mill, The International Geography‎^[11], George Newnes, →OCLC, page 399:

  The island of Sakhalin, separated from the mainland by the strait known as the Gulf of Tartary, resembles the neighbouring coast of Russian Manchuria in its configuration. The mountain chain which borders the west coast rises here and there into real peaks of from 3,000 to 5,000 feet in height.

• 1904 February 29, “Other News from the Seat of War”, in The Argonaut‎^[12], volume LIV, number 1407, San Francisco, page 130, column 2:

  Probably authentic, also, is Friday morning's news that Japanese troops have landed at Possiet Bay, in Russian Manchuria, seventy-five miles south of Vladivostock, and are marching inland.

• 1906, “Manchuria”, in The New International Encyclopaedia‎^[13], volume XII, New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, page 782, column 1:

  MANCHURIA, man-cho͞oʹre-a (the land of the Manchus). The northeastern part of the Chinese Empire, situated east of Mongolia and the Argun River (which formerly traversed Manchurian territory), south of the Amur River (which separates it from Siberia), and west of the Usuri, which separates it from Primorsk (Maritime Province) or Russian Manchuria (a Chinese possession until 1860).

• 1913, Hubert Howe Bancroft, “The Pacific Ocean and its Borders”, in The New Pacific‎^[14], Revised edition, New York: The Bancroft Company, →OCLC, page 184:

  At Possiet bay, on the coast of Russian Manchuria, is a military station, with extensive barracks and storehouses; there is another large military post at Nowo Kiewsk near by, the population, aside from the Russian soldiers, being principally Korean.

• 1917 November, Bayley Balfour, “New species of Rhododendron”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name)‎^[15], page 110:

  Its distribution, as given by Maximowicz in 1870,*“ is :— Siberian Altai to the extreme east, Kamtschatka, Davuria, Russian Manchuria to the mouth of the Amur, and the confines of Corea.

• 1920, Ernest H. Wilson, “Our Nut Trees”, in The Romance of Our Trees‎^[16], Doubleday, Page and Company, →OCLC, page 181:

  The Chinese J. cathayensis is a bush or slender tree with a small, very rough nut of no particular value. It has not proved very hardy in the Arnold Arboretum. I introduced it first to England in 1903 and to this country in 1908. The Manchurian J. mandshurica rivals the American Butternut in size and the nut shows a decided approach to that of the true Walnuts. The shell is very thick and the flesh limited in quantity. It is a common tree in the forests of Korea and is very hardy. The little-known J. stenocarpa of Russian Manchuria is only a form of J. mandshurica.

• 1933, The Japan Magazine‎^[17], volume 23, →OCLC, page 68, column 1:

  Originally speaking, the Heilungkiang Valley, amongst other Russian possessions in the Far East, had been within Manchurian domain until the middle of the nineteenth century, when it was absorbed by Russia. For us, therefore, it is difficult to regard all Manchuria now within the territory of new Manchukuo and Russian Manchuria of today separately.
  Now that the Manchukuo State has become absolutely independent and placed under Japanese protection, so to speak, the destiny of Russian possessions in the Far East may be easily imagined.

• 1949, Sunset‎^[18], volume 102, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 68, column 2‎^[19]:

  […] growing on the shores of the Possjet Sound in Russian Manchuria, some 50 miles down the coast from Vladivostok.

• 1950 June 26, Alex H. Washburn, “Korea — Sound of War”, in Hope Star‎^[20], volume 51, number 214, Hope, Ark., page 1, column 1:

  The armed forces of North Korea, which borders on and is allied with Russian Manchuria, marched into the U. S.-sponsored South Korea Republic over the week-end — and the chips are down for American prestige throughout the Far East.

• 1958, Vilhjalmur Stefansson, “Commerce Discovers Communications: A New Search Begins”, in Northwest to Fortune: The Search of Western Man for a Commercially Practical Route to the Far East‎^[21], 1st edition, New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, →LCCN, →OCLC, pages 254–255:

  The race began on the day Western Union bought Collins’s rights to build a telegraph through British Columbia, Russian America, and Siberia to Nikolaevsk at the mouth of the Amur, in Russia’s new Manchuria. […]
  Under Abasa in Siberia and Russian Manchuria were Collins Macrae, an engineer late of the Union army, who was landed in early August, 1865, with four other men at the mouth of the Anadyr in bleakest Siberia; George Kennan, a young telegrapher from Ohio and a gifted writer and observer; Richard Bush, an artist who had been the central character in a dozen hair-raising Civil War exploits; and James Mahood, a young California engineer.

• 1967, George B. Schaller, “The Tiger”, in The Deer and the Tiger: A Study of Wildlife in India‎^[22], University of Chicago Press, →LCCN, →OCLC, pages 224–225:

  The geographical distribution of the tiger once spanned some six thousand miles of Asia from Mount Ararat in eastern Turkey and the Caspian Sea to the Sea of Okhotsk in Russian Manchuria. […]
  The Manchurian tiger exists in small numbers in the Kirin Hills of eastern Manchuria. Although tigers were once common in neighboring Russian Manchuria from the vicinity of Lake Baikal and the Yablonovy Mountains to the Sea of Japan and the Island of Sakhalin in the Sea of Okhotsk, only an estimated 80 to 90 animals still survive in several isolated areas (Abramov, 1962; Anon., 1965a), primarily along some of the eastern tributaries of the Ussuri River and in the Sikhote-Alin chain of hills (Novikov, 1962).

• 1980, Russell Warren Howe, “"Disarmament": More Poker Than Stripping”, in Weapons: The International Game of Arms, Money and Diplomacy‎^[23], 1st edition, Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 243:

  In November that year, President Ford flew to Vladivostok in Russian Manchuria to sign an agreement on strategic offensive arms for the period up to October 1977.

• 1989 March, Peter Albano, chapter 1, in Quest of the Seventh Carrier‎^[24] (Fiction), Zebra Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 29:

  Although the nearest reported threat was a strip at Sergeyeoka, an old airdrome seventy kilometers north of Vladivostok in Russian Manchuria, he was still not at ease.

• 1991, Vipan Chandra, “Korean Human-Rights Consciousness in an Era of Transition: A Survey of Late Nineteenth-Century Developments”, in William Shaw, editor, Human Rights in Korea: Historical and Policy Perspectives‎^[25], →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 70:

  In retrospect, Sǒ's unqualified championship of the elective principle may seem somewhat naive. At the time, however, he believed his conviction was vindicated by the example of the self-governing Korean émigré settlements in Russian Manchuria (Siberia). After visiting them and observing their daily activities, British geographer Isabella B. Bishop had praised their contented lives and attributed this situation to the good leadership of their elected headmen.

• 2001, George B. Schaller, “Tiger”, in The Encyclopedia Americana‎^[26], volume 26, Grolier Incorporated, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 739, column 1; republished as “Tiger”, in The Encyclopedia Americana‎^[27], volume 26, 2005, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 739:

  Within historic times the range of the tiger spanned 6,000 miles (9,600 km) from eastern Turkey and Iran to India, Myanmar (Burma), Indochina, and Malaya, as well as over much of China, Korea, and Russian Manchuria.

• 2002, Frederick C. Drake, “Low, Frederick F. (1828-1894)”, in James I. Matray, editor, East Asia and the United States: An Encyclopedia of Relations Since 1784‎^[28], volume 1, Greenwood Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 360, column 1:

  In 1871, he notified Secretary of State Hamilton Fish* that the commerce of China, Japan, and Russian Manchuria required that vessels pass close to the coast of Korea, warning of the danger of shipwrecked American mariners and their property. Low informed Fish that Korea was an independent nation, which in 1870 ignored the strong claims of Chinese suzerainty.

• 2010, John Vaillant, “Markov”, in The Tiger: A True Story of Vengeance and Survival‎^[29], Vintage Books, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, pages 98–99:

  During the winters of 1939 and 1940, he logged close to a thousand miles crisscrossing the Sikhote-Alin range as he tracked tigers through blizzards and paralyzing cold, sleeping rough, and feeding himself from tiger kills. His findings were alarming: along with two forest guards who helped him with tracking, estimates, and interviews with hunters across Primorye, Kaplanov concluded that no more than thirty Amur tigers remained in Russian Manchuria. In the Bikin valley, he found no tigers at all. With barely a dozen breeding females left in Russia, the subspecies now known as Panthera gris altaica was a handful of bullets and a few hard winters away from extinction.

• 2014, Anthony Cross, “Reign of Nicholas II (1894-1917)”, in In the Lands of the Romanovs: An Annotated Bibliography of First-hand English-language Accounts of the Russian Empire (1613-1917)‎^[30], Open Book Publishers, →DOI, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 349:

  Simpson offers his volume as the fourth and final in a series of “political treatises”, opened by Manchu and Muscovite (1904) (see K114), that sought to examine Russo-Japanese rivalry. In the autumn of 1906 he sailed from Korea to Vladivostok, of which he provides a detailed assessment, and devotes Part I of his book to ‘Russia beyond Lake Baikal’, including Russian Manchuria (pp. 1-322).

• 2014, James Steinberg, Michael E. O'Hanlon, “The Determinants of Chinese Strategy”, in Strategic Reassurance and Resolve: U.S.-China Relations in the Twenty-First Century‎^[31], Princeton University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, pages 36–37:

  At its extreme, this type of narrative might justify claims coextensive with the farthest expansion of the Qing/Ch'ing era (1644 through 1911, in its totality). That could in theory include what is now Mongolia and part of Russian Manchuria although to date no Chinese leaders have suggested this as a legitimate objective. Indeed, China's recent history of resolving border disputes with Russia, Kazakhstan, and Vietnam suggests that China values amicable relations with its neighbors over preserving maximalist territorial gains.

• 2015, Michael E. O'Hanlon, “Conflicts Real, Latent, and Imaginable”, in The Future of Land Warfare‎^[32], Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 55:

  From the Qing era on, China had other territorial holdings on the Eurasian mainland of even more direct relevance to the subject at hand. They included what is now Mongolia and part of Russian Manchuria, and were lost to Russia over the period of roughly 1860 to 1920. No Chinese leaders have suggested so far that reclaiming these lands could be a legitimate objective of the state’s foreign policy.

• 2017, Julia C. Schneider, “The New Setting: Political Thinking after 1912”, in Nation and Ethnicity: Chinese Discourses on History,‎^[33], →ISBN, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 277:

  The Convention of Peking, one of several unequal treaties, moreover assigned the parts in the East of the Ussuri River (Wusulijiang) to Russia. Outer Manchuria, also called Russian Manchuria was never claimed to be part of a Chinese nation-state. Today it belongs to the Russian Federation, is no longer referred to as Outer Manchuria, and is considered to be part of Siberia. Consquently, the name Manchuria refers only to Inner Manchuria today. In the following, I will refer to Inner Manchuria as Manchuria.

• 2022, Zhao Xin, “Russia's Expansions towards the Amur River and Westerners' Corresponding Explorations in Early Modern Times”, in Borders in East and West: Transnational and Comparative‎^[34], →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 338:

  In 1859, Arthur Adams, a naturalist and also a member of the RGS, followed the British fleet to north-east Asia. He sailed in the Action, […] On the map, the spacious waters and wide territories of North China were marked very ambiguously, which indicates Britain's very limited knowledge of Manchuria. Adams's aim was to offset this weakness, 'to spy out the situation on Russian's occupation in Manchuria, and survey the coastal geography of Northeast Asia'.⁶² The fleet went via San Sebastian, the Cape of Good Hope, and then to the East Door, Java; it thereafter passed the Dongsha Islands to Hong Kong and Macao, and sailed upstream of the Yangtze River to the Bohai Gulf (Chili Bay), then traversing the Great Wall, Korea, Victoria Bay (Dalien), and entering into Russian Manchuria (Ussuri and Amur), where the fleet surveyed Russian garrisons and other geographical information. […] 'if Russia who had not turned his greedy eyes on Manchuria, we would have never known this fertile land where stored so much ample gold mine, coal and cotton.'

• 2023 June 22, Diane Francis, “China's Russia”, in Substack‎^[35], archived from the original on 2023-06-27‎^[36]:

  The Far Eastern Federal District includes the Arctic region and Pacific Ocean coastline. Despite its size, its population is only 6 million and 4.5 million live in Russian Manchuria along the Chinese border. If Manchuria were once again united, it would become an powerhouse, linking the region’s untapped resource potential with China’s know-how, manpower, expertise, and capital. It would also provide China with fresh water, hydroelectric potential, and a major Pacific Ocean port, Vladivostok.

Russian Manchuria (China)

(The part of Manchuria (in northeast China) that was controlled by Russia or the USSR)

• 1899 Map of Russian Manchuria: [37]
• [1913 May, L. Lodian, “A Plague-Stricken Railroad in China”, in Railway and Locomotive Engineering: A Practical Journal of Railway Motive Power, Rolling Stock and Appliances‎^[38], volume XXVI, number 5, New York, →OCLC, page 165, column 1:

  Fire is the best disinfectant, and the Russians burned up the more seriously affected districts, particularly at Karbin, the chief town in Russian-Manchuria.]

• [1917 March, Frederick McCormick, “Second Line of Defense”, in The Menace of Japan‎^[39], Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, →OCLC, page 104:

  On August 11, 1908, the administrative Government at Mukden had made an agreement providing for the use of American capital amounting to one hundred million dollars for a "Manchurian Bank", and the building of a railway extension from Tsitsihar to Aigun, in Russian-Manchuria, completing a line to Tsitsihar from Kinchou on the Gulf of Chihli, the construction of which she had assigned to the British contractors, Pauling and Company.]

• 1921, “Manchuria Since 1905”, in Economic History of Manchuria‎^[40], Seoul, Chosen, →OCLC, page 73:

  Then again, in 1909, she abolished the free-trade system in her Far Eastern possessions, and began to impose a heavy duty on goods entering them from Manchuria. The blow to the prosperity of Russian Manchuria and especially to that of Harbin was severe and immediate. The city, it is said, almost seemed dead at one time.

• 1975, Michael Edwardes, “The end of the Game”, in Playing the Great Game: A Victorian Cold War‎^[41], London: Hamish Hamilton, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 159:

  In February 1904 the Japanese attacked Russian naval vessels at Port Arthur in Russian Manchuria. The cause of the war was ostensibly a disagreement over the recognition of spheres of influence in China, but the Japanese were really fighting to establish their status as a Great Power, and at least part of the Russian motive for allowing negotiations to end in war was the desire of certain members of the Russian government, in the words of Plehve, the interior minister, for ‘a short, victorious war that would stem the tide of revolution’ in Russia itself.

• 1993, H. M. Tillotson, “Mannerheim”, in Finland at Peace and War, 1918-1993‎^[42], Michael Russell, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 25:

  Shattered and demoralized, the Russians were unable to prevent the Japanese Army from crossing into Korea and then over the northern frontier at the Yalu River into Russian Manchuria. General Kuropatkin, the Russian local field commander, found himself defending the north-south line of the Harbin to Port Arthur railway against substantial Japanese forces advancing from the Yalu to the east.

• 1995, David Wolff, “Russia Finds Its Limits: Crossing Borders into Manchuria”, in Stephen Kotkin, David Wolff, editors, Rediscovering Russia in Asia : Siberia and the Russian Far East‎^[43], M.E. Sharpe, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 45:

  To avoid conflicts (and associated delays and distractions) with other ministries' minions in Vladivostok, Chief Engineer Iugovich moved his headquarters to Harbin in 1898. Within fifteen years, a transportation hub with more than 100,000 inhabitants had sprung up. Its size and importance were commensurate with its de facto role as the provincial capital of Russian Manchuria.

• 1997, Robert B. Edgerton, “"And Where May Japan Happen to Be?"”, in Warriors of the Rising Sun‎^[44], W. W. Norton & Company, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 139:

  Dalny—which means “far away,” in Russian—was an eastern port city north of Port Arthur, the jewel of Russian Manchuria with its fine harbor, huge wharves, charming buildings, large cathedral, fine park, swimming pools, bowling alleys, 200 tennis courts, modern hospitals, and lovely homes.

• 2002, Felix Patrikeeff, “Politics on the Ground”, in Russian Politics in Exile: The Northeast Asian Balance of Power, 1924-1931‎^[45], Palgrave Macmillan, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 58:

  Émigré society in Harbin had, moreover, nervously watched the closing of the tsarist Russian postal service in their region and the handing over of control of the local police to the Chinese authorities. They watched too the departure of General Khorvat for Peking and self-exile after his abortive attempt to establish an independent Russian Manchuria. In the face of all of these changes, émigré society stood powerless. Despite all of these changes, however, the city remained relatively quiet.

• 2010, M. Avrum Ehrlich, “Chinese perceptions of Jews”, in Jews and Judaism in Modern China (Routledge Jewish Studies Series)‎^[46], Routledge, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 16:

  In his book The Fugu Plan, Marvin Tokayer describes how the Japanese became infatuated with the Jews and tried to set up a Jewish enclave in Russian Manchuria (now northern China), in an attempt to use Jewish brains and financial savvy to gain world dominance.

• 2015, Michael Meyer, “To the Manchuria Station!”, in In Manchuria: A Village called Wasteland and the Transformation of Rural China‎^[47], Bloomsbury Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, pages 115–116:

  Simpson’s visit left him “thoughtful and a little sad. Harbin is the very center of Manchuria ... a place which will be reached for at all costs by the enemy. Who is to conquer in the climax of national anger, hatred and greed, which must come some day and tear this fair country?” He hoped the battle would be won by numbers alone: 30,000 Russians lived in Harbin alongside 250,000 Chinese. “Russian Manchuria is something of a myth made possible by a gigantic bluff,” he wrote. “It is a remnant of 1900 and China under foreign occupation. Even if there is no force used, Chinese ingenuity alone may push Russia back to the Amur [River].”
  Instead it was the Japanese who did the pushing, at least from Port Arthur, at the southern tip of Manchuria, to Harbin in the far north. After the armies of eight Western nations occupied Beijing in 1901 to break a siege of foreign embassies by rebels known as the Boxers, Russia kept an enormous force—177,000 soldiers—in Manchuria long after the other armies had withdrawn. In 1903, Bertram Lenox Simpson arrived in Jilin city to see the Russian tricolor flying and Russian troops patrolling the streets and running the telegraph office. Simpson predicted that Russia’s position in Manchuria would overextend the czar’s army and drain his treasury.

Literal/Other/Unclear

(Literal use of the words or other uses or uses that are potentially unclear in meaning)

• 1899 May 11, “Chinese Railways”, in Engineering News and American Railway Journal‎^[48], volume XLI, number 19, page 299, column 1:

  This system of about 350 miles is the first and only one in actual operation. The projected railways include the Russian Manchuria system, terminating at Port Arthur, on the Gulf of Pichili, and ultimately connecting with the Pekin system.