2016, "List of Contributors", in Transgender and Intersex: Theoretical, Practical, and Artistic Perspectives (ed. Stefan Horlacher), page xi:
He [Cary Gabriel Costello] is the gestational father of a teenaged child, and is married to an intersex woman who was assigned male at birth—musician and technophile Aubrey Schaefer.
2019, Laura V. Heston, "Queering Kinship: LGBTQ Parents And The Creation Of Real Utopias", dissertation submitted to the University of Massachusetts Amherst, page 180:
Most of the gestational fathers I talked to had already rejected gender norms, and it was this rejection that led them to imagine becoming gestational fathers in the first place.
2020, "Notes on Contributors", Expanding the Rainbow: Exploring the Relationships of Bi+, Polyamorous, Kinky, Ace, Intersex, and Trans People (eds. Andrea Miller, Brandy L. Simula, & J. E. Sumerau), page 357:
Dr. Costello is a gestational father, and is married to an intersex woman who, like Dr. Costello, transitioned from her inappropriate birth sex assignment.
2020, Bernard M. Dickens, "Transsexuality: Legal and ethical challenges", International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Volume 151, Issue 1, October 2020, page 165:
He [Freddy McConnell] has publicized himself as a gestational father, for instance in a documentary film “Seahorse” (an upright-swimming fish, the male of which has a brood pouch for gestating its young).
2020, Paul M. Cinicola, "Uncomfortable Proxies in Transgender Minority Stress Research: An Anthropological Synthesis of Transphobia", thesis submitted to the University of Pennsylvania, unnumbered page:
These fathers are, therefore, forced to re-endure pregnancy-related misogyny and to endure the suspicion and hostility of other parents—both from the desire to protect sanctity of a woman-exclusive space and from the desire to wave away the existence of a gestational father.
Noun: "a man who cares for a pregnant woman but is not the biological father of the child"[edit]
1992, Barbara Bennett Woodhouse, "Hatching the Egg: A Child-Centered Perspective on Parents' Rights", Cardozo Law Review:
But Horton and the other gestational fathers I will describe challenge an adult-centric family law legacy of absentee ownership […]
1995, Alexa E, King, "Solomon Revisted: Assigning Parenthood In The Context Of Collaborative Reproduction", UCLA Women's Law Journal, Volume 5, Issue 2, page 342:
The idea of a "gestational father," one who supports and nurtures the birth mother during the course of her pregnancy, can be attributed to Woodhouse, supra note 15.
1996, Pilar S. Ramos, "The Condom Controversy In The Public Schools: Respecting A Minor's Right Of Privacy", University of Pennsylvania Law Review, Volume 145, Issue 1, page 182:
[…] Woodhouse, supra note 149, at 1785-1809 (arguing that children are hurt by custody and visitation law's refusal to recognize "gestational fathers," biological strangers who have a close connection to a child, as being in the best interests of the child).
2000, Katharine K. Baker, "Biology for Feminists", Chicago-Kent Law Review, Volume 75, Issue 3, page 828:
Thus, as Barbara Woodhouse argues, the gestational father (the person who supports the mother during pregnancy and beyond), not the genetic father, should be the one on whom the law confers parental status.
2014, Lynda Wray Black, "The Birth of a Parent: Defining Parentage for Lenders of Genetic Material", Nebraska Law Journal, Volume 92, Issue 4, page 802:
Barbara Bennett Woodhouse […] notes the existence of two genetic parents, two social parents, and a gestational mother and introduces the concept of a gestational father).
Noun: "a man whose wife/partner is pregnant with a child that is not genetically his through sperm donation or an IVF mix-up"[edit]
2019, Patricia Demers, Women's Writing in Canada, unnumbered page:
The two couples in Chatterton's Within the Glass are intensely focused on the present, a clinic mix-up that implanted the fertilized egg in the wrong woman, and the future parenting of this foetus. […] Chatterton captures the tension within the couples in an almost-operatic back and forth quartet, where the gestational “father” (writer Scott) complains to his pregnant wife, “you never tell me anything, you make family decisions all on your own,” and simultaneously the genetic “father” (banker Michael) accuses his wife, […]
2019, Aasim I. Padela, Katherine Klima, & Rosie Duivenbode, "Producing Parenthood: Islamic Juridical Perspectives & Theological Implications", in Multicultural and Interreligious Perspectives on the Ethics of Human Reproduction: Protecting Future Generations (eds. Joseph Tham, Alberto Garcia Gómez, & John Lunstroth), page 175:
Sperm donation is akin to adultery, for it introduces male sperm into the womb of a woman that the sperm producer has no marital bond with. The resulting child is considered illegitimate, and without a father whom it can inherit from. Confusion of the identity of the father results because the genetic father is different from the “gestational” father, and the majoritarian Sunni legal views hold the child has no father.