Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/Hr̥táHwāh

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hr̥táHwāns. Equivalent to *Hr̥táH (“truth”) +‎ *-wāh. Cognate with Sanskrit ऋतावन् (ṛtā́van).

Adjective

*Hr̥táHwāh

1. truthful, righteous

Descendants

• Central Iranian:
  • Avestan: 𐬀𐬴𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬥 (aṣ̌auuan)
    • → Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾšwn' /⁠ašawan⁠/)
    • → Middle Persian: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾšwk' /⁠ašō⁠/, “righteous”)
      • Classical Persian: اشو (ašō, “Saint”)
• Northwestern Iranian:
  • Parthian: (/⁠ardāw⁠/, “justice, righteousness; community of the righteous”)

    Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫡𐫅𐫀𐫇 (ʾrdʾw)

    Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭀𐭓𐭕𐭀𐭅 (ʾrtʾw)

    • → Middle Persian: 𐫀𐫡𐫅𐫀𐫇 (ʾrdʾw /⁠ardāw⁠/)
    • → Sogdian: (/⁠artāw⁠/, “electus, righteous, faithful”)

      Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫡𐫤𐫀𐫇 (ʾrtʾw)

      Sogdian script: 𐼰𐽀𐽂𐼰𐼴 (ʾrtʾw)

      Syriac script: ܐܪܬܐܘ (ʾrtʾw)

• Southwestern Iranian:
  • Old Persian: 𐎠𐎼𐎫𐎠𐎺𐎠 (a-r-t-a-v-a /⁠r̥tāvāʰ⁠/)
    • Middle Persian: (/⁠ahlaw⁠/, “righteous”)

      Manichaean script: 𐫀𐫍𐫓𐫇 (ʾhlw)

      Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (ʾhlwb')

      • Classical Persian: اهلبوب (ahlabōb)
    • → Ancient Greek: Ἀρταΰντης (Artaǘntēs), Ἀρτόντης (Artóntēs)
    • → Aramaic:

      Imperial Aramaic: 𐡀𐡓𐡕𐡄𐡍𐡕 (ʾrthnt), 𐡀𐡓𐡕𐡅𐡍𐡕 (ʾrtwnt)