Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/mъnogъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *munagas, from late (Northern) Proto-Indo-European *monogʰos, a nominal derivation of *mengʰ-, *menegʰ- (“many, sufficient”), according to Watkins ^[1]^[2]^[3]. Cognate with Proto-Germanic *managaz (“many”) and possibly further akin to Proto-Celtic *menekkis (“frequent”). May also be derived from Proto-Indo-European *méǵh₂- (“large”) with a nasal infix. (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?) In any case, a substrate derivation for this word seems more plausible than either of the Indo-European explanations, due to the restricted geographical distribution of the word in question.

Adjective

*mъnogъ (comparative *vęťьjь)^[4]^[5]^[6]

many

Declension

Indefinite declension of *mъnogъ (hard)
singular	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*mъnogъ	*mъnoga	*mъnogo
genitive	*mъnoga	*mъnogy	*mъnoga
dative	*mъnogu	*mъnodzě	*mъnogu
accusative	*mъnogъ	*mъnogǫ	*mъnogo
instrumental	*mъnogomь	*mъnogojǫ	*mъnogomь
locative	*mъnodzě	*mъnodzě	*mъnodzě
vocative	*mъnože	*mъnogo	*mъnogo
dual	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*mъnoga	*mъnodzě	*mъnodzě
genitive	*mъnogu	*mъnogu	*mъnogu
dative	*mъnogoma	*mъnogama	*mъnogoma
accusative	*mъnoga	*mъnodzě	*mъnodzě
instrumental	*mъnogoma	*mъnogama	*mъnogoma
locative	*mъnogu	*mъnogu	*mъnogu
vocative	*mъnoga	*mъnodzě	*mъnodzě
plural	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*mъnodzi	*mъnogy	*mъnoga
genitive	*mъnogъ	*mъnogъ	*mъnogъ
dative	*mъnogomъ	*mъnogamъ	*mъnogomъ
accusative	*mъnogy	*mъnogy	*mъnoga
instrumental	*mъnogy	*mъnogami	*mъnogy
locative	*mъnodzěxъ	*mъnogaxъ	*mъnodzěxъ
vocative	*mъnodzi	*mъnogy	*mъnoga

Definite declension of *mъnogъ (hard)
singular	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*mъnogъjь	*mъnogaja	*mъnogoje
genitive	*mъnogajego	*mъnogyję̇	*mъnogajego
dative	*mъnogujemu	*mъnodzěji	*mъnogujemu
accusative	*mъnogъjь	*mъnogǫjǫ	*mъnogoje
instrumental	*mъnogyjimь	*mъnogǫjǫ	*mъnogyjimь
locative	*mъnodzějemь	*mъnodzěji	*mъnodzějemь
vocative	*mъnogъjь	*mъnogaja	*mъnogoje
dual	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*mъnogaja	*mъnodzěji	*mъnodzěji
genitive	*mъnoguju	*mъnoguju	*mъnoguju
dative	*mъnogyjima	*mъnogyjima	*mъnogyjima
accusative	*mъnogaja	*mъnodzěji	*mъnodzěji
instrumental	*mъnogyjima	*mъnogyjima	*mъnogyjima
locative	*mъnoguju	*mъnoguju	*mъnoguju
vocative	*mъnogaja	*mъnodzěji	*mъnodzěji
plural	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*mъnodziji	*mъnogyję̇	*mъnogaja
genitive	*mъnogъjixъ	*mъnogъjixъ	*mъnogъjixъ
dative	*mъnogyjimъ	*mъnogyjimъ	*mъnogyjimъ
accusative	*mъnogyję̇	*mъnogyję̇	*mъnogaja
instrumental	*mъnogyjimi	*mъnogyjimi	*mъnogyjimi
locative	*mъnogyjixъ	*mъnogyjixъ	*mъnogyjixъ
vocative	*mъnodziji	*mъnogyję̇	*mъnogaja

Derived terms

*mъnogo (“many, much”) (adverb)
*mъnogota (“abundancy”)
*mъnožiti (“to multiply, to increase in number”)
- *mъnožьstvo (“multiple, majority”)
- *mъnožьkъ (“excessive”)

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: мъногъ (mŭnogŭ)
  - Old Ruthenian: мно́гїй (mnóhij)
    - Carpathian Rusyn: мно́гый (mnóhŷj)
    - Ukrainian: мно́гий (mnóhyj)
  - Belarusian: мно́га (mnóha)
  - Russian: мно́го (mnógo)
South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic: мъногъ (mŭnogŭ)
- Bulgarian: мно́го (mnógo) (colloquially: мло́го (mlógo))
- Macedonian: мно́гу (mnógu)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic script: мно̏гӣ
  
  Latin script: mnȍgī
- Slovene: mnọ̑g (tonal orthography)
West Slavic:
- Old Czech: mnohý
  - Czech: mnohý
- Old Polish: mnogi
  - Polish: mnogi, mnohy (Middle Polish)
- Pomeranian:
  - Kashubian: mnodżi
- Slovak: mnohý
- Sorbian:
  - Upper Sorbian: mnohi
  - Upper Sorbian: mnohi (archaic), młogi

References

^ “many”, in The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 5th edition, Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2016, →ISBN.
^ Douglas Harper (2001–2026), “many”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.
^ Derksen, Rick (2008), “*mъnogъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 334: “adj. o ‘much, many’”
^ Derksen, Rick (2008), “*mъnogъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 334: “adj. o ‘much, many’”
^ Olander, Thomas (2001), “mъnogъ”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List‎^[1], Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “a (sek. immobil accent) (SA 155; PR 133)”
^ Snoj, Marko (2016), “mnọ̑g”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “*mъ̏nogъ”

[1] “many”, in The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 5th edition, Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2016, →ISBN.

[2] Douglas Harper (2001–2026), “many”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.

[3] Derksen, Rick (2008), “*mъnogъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 334: “adj. o ‘much, many’”

[4] Derksen, Rick (2008), “*mъnogъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 334: “adj. o ‘much, many’”

[5] Olander, Thomas (2001), “mъnogъ”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List‎^[1], Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “a (sek. immobil accent) (SA 155; PR 133)”

[6] Snoj, Marko (2016), “mnọ̑g”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “*mъ̏nogъ”

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